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61.
Feng Shizuo 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1986,4(2):139-158
In recent years, studies of the environmental hydrodynamics in coastal seas and tidal estuaries have placed focus on the processes
which determine the “fate” of longer-term transport. The lagrangian residual current has been recognized as an important factor
which affects the longer term transport processes since it is more relevant to use a Lagrangian mean velocity rather than
an Eulerian mean velocity to determine the origin of Water masses. In the present paper, an attempt is made to formulate a
three-dimensional dynamics on the tideinduced Lagrangian residual current and mass-transport based upon a three-dimensional
weakly-nonlinear model of tides. The Lagrangian residual velocity is shown to be the sum of the mass-transport velocity, which
is the sum of the Eulerian residual velocity and the Stokes’ drift velocity, and the Lagrangian residual drift velocity which
is dependent on the tidal current phase. This reveals that it is the mass-transport velocity which is the tidal cycle Eulerian
mean of the Lagrangian residual velocity and that the mass-transport velocity is correct to the second order of approximation
rather than to the first order. And then, a new longer-term transport equation which correctly describes the Lagrangian nature
of transport processes without introducing the Fickian hypothesis for tidal dispersion is derived. In fact, the convection
can be correctly represented by the Eulerian mean of the Lagrangian residual velocity, as the convective velocity in the longer-term
transport equation is nothing but the mass-transport velocity.
Submitted for IAMAP/IAPSO Joint Assembly, August 5–16, 1985, Honolulu, Hawaii U.S.A. 相似文献
62.
63.
Agusa T Kunito T Yasunaga G Iwata H Subramanian A Ismail A Tanabe S 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,51(8-12):896-911
Concentrations of trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi) were determined in muscle and liver of 12 species of marine fish collected from coastal areas in Malaysia. Levels of V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Ba and Pb in liver were higher than those in muscle, whereas Rb and Cs concentrations showed the opposite trend. Positive correlations between concentrations in liver and muscle were observed for all the trace elements except Cu and Sn. Copper, Zn, Se, Ag, Cd, Cs and Hg concentrations in bigeye scads from the east coast of the Peninsular Malaysia were higher than those from the west, whereas V showed the opposite trend. The high concentration of V in the west coast might indicate oil contamination in the Strait of Malacca. To evaluate the health risk to Malaysian population through consumption of fish, intake rates of trace elements were estimated on the basis of the concentrations of trace elements in muscle of fish and daily fish consumption. Some specimens of the marine fish had Hg levels higher than the guideline value by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), indicating that consumption of these fish at the present rate may be hazardous to Malaysian people. To our knowledge, this is the first study on multielemental accumulation in marine fish from the Malaysian coast. 相似文献
64.
Shigeyuki Suzuki Shizuo Takemura Graciano P. Yumul JR Sevillo D. David JR Daniel K. Asiedu 《Island Arc》2000,9(4):611-626
Abstract Sandstones from the Upper Cretaceous to Eocene succession of Central Palawan are rich in quartz grains and acidic volcanic rock fragments. Potassium feldspar grains and granitic rock fragments are commonly observed. The moderate to high SiO2 and low FeO plus MgO contents of the sandstones support the proposal that clasts were derived from a continental source region. Southern China (Kwangtung and Fukien regions) is inferred to be the source area of the sandstones. The sedimentary facies of the Upper Cretaceous to Eocene succession consist of turbidite and sandstones, suggesting that they were deposited in the deep sea portions of submarine-fans and basin plains situated along a continental margin. These features indicate that the Upper Cretaceous to Eocene succession of the Central Palawan were derived and drifted from the southern margin of China. The tectonic history related to the formation of Palawan Island is also discussed. 相似文献
65.
Yukiyoshi Iwata Tomoyoshi Hirota Masaki Hayashi Shinji Suzuki Shuichi Hasegawa 《水文研究》2010,24(13):1755-1765
Despite the potential impact of winter soil water movements in cold regions, relatively few field studies have investigated cold‐season hydrological processes that occur before spring‐onset of snowmelt infiltration. The contribution of soil water fluxes in winter to the annual water balance was evaluated over 5 years of field observations at an agricultural field in Tokachi, Hokkaido, Japan. In two of the winters, soil frost reached a maximum depth of 0·2 m (‘frozen’ winters), whereas soil frost was mostly absent during the remaining three winters (‘unfrozen’ winters). Significant infiltration of winter snowmelt water, to a depth exceeding 1·0 m, occurred during both frozen and unfrozen winters. Such infiltration ranged between 126 and 255 mm, representing 28–51% of total annual soil water fluxes. During frozen winters, a substantial quantity of water (ca 40 mm) was drawn from deeper layers into the 0–0·2 m topsoil layer when this froze. Under such conditions, the progression and regression of the freezing front, regulated by the thickness of snow cover, controlled the quantity of soil water flux below the frozen layer. During unfrozen winters, 13–62 mm of water infiltrated to a depth of 0·2 m, before the spring snowmelt. These results indicate the importance of correctly evaluating winter soil water movement in cold regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
66.
Hiroki Iwata Yoshiko Kosugi Keisuke Ono Masayoshi Mano Ayaka Sakabe Akira Miyata Kenshi Takahashi 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,151(1):95-118
Methane ( ${\mathrm {CH}}_{4}$ ) fluxes observed with the eddy-covariance technique using an open-path ${\mathrm {CH}}_{4}$ analyzer and a closed-path ${\mathrm {CH}}_{4}$ analyzer in a rice paddy field were evaluated with an emphasis on the flux correction methodology. A comparison of the fluxes obtained by the analyzers revealed that both the open-path and closed-path techniques were reliable, provided that appropriate corrections were applied. For the open-path approach, the influence of fluctuations in air density and the line shape variation in laser absorption spectroscopy (hereafter, spectroscopic effect) was significant, and the relative importance of these corrections would increase when observing small ${\mathrm {CH}}_{4}$ fluxes. A new procedure proposed by Li-Cor Inc. enabled us to accurately adjust for these effects. The high-frequency loss of the open-path ${\mathrm {CH}}_{4}$ analyzer was relatively large (11 % of the uncorrected covariance) at an observation height of 2.5 m above the canopy owing to its longer physical path length, and this correction should be carefully applied before correcting for the influence of fluctuations in air density and the spectroscopic effect. Uncorrected ${\mathrm {CH}}_{4}$ fluxes observed with the closed-path analyzer were substantially underestimated (37 %) due to high-frequency loss because an undersized pump was used in the observation. Both the bandpass and transfer function approaches successfully corrected this flux loss. Careful determination of the bandpass frequency range or the transfer function and the cospectral model is required for the accurate calculation of ${\mathrm {CH}}_{4}$ fluxes with the closed-path technique. 相似文献
67.
Agusa T Yasugi SY Iida A Ikemoto T Anan Y Kuiken T Osterhaus AD Tanabe S Iwata H 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(5):963-975
Body distribution and growth- and nutritional status-dependent accumulation of 21 trace elements were investigated in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) stranded in the North Sea coast in 2002. Higher concentrations and burdens of Mn, Se, Mo, Ag, Sn, Hg, and Bi in the liver, Cd in the kidney, As in the blubber, and Co, Sr, and Ba in the bone were observed. Significant positive correlations of hepatic Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, Tl, and Bi with standard body length were found, while significant negative relationships were detected for Mn, As, Rb, Sr, and Sb in the liver. Concentrations of Co, Se, Sr, Sn, Hg, and Bi in the liver, V, Sr, Ag, Sn, and Hg in the kidney, V, Mn, Co, Rb, Sr, Sn, Ba, and Pb in the blubber increased with decreasing blubber thickness of harbor seals, indicating enrichment of these elements in the target tissue by emaciation. 相似文献
68.
Analytical solution for the tidally induced Lagrangian residual current in a narrow bay 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
In a weakly nonlinear tidal system, the depth-averaged equations for the first-order Lagrangian residual velocity (LRV) are
deduced systematically. For the case of a narrow bay, the equations are solved analytically and the results for a specific
bottom profile are discussed in detail. According to the pattern of the first-order LRV, the bay can be divided into three
parts, namely an inner part, a transitional zone, and an outer part. For the given depth profile, the streamline of the first-order
LRV for a shorter bay is a part of that for a longer bay. The first-order LRV depends on a nondimensional parameter that combines
the influences of the bottom friction coefficient, the tidal period and the averaged water depth. The form of the bottom friction
also has a significant influence on the first-order LRV. The second-order LRV, i.e., the Lagrangian drift, is analytically
solved and shows dependence on the initial tidal phase. The LRV differs from the Eulerian residual transport velocity both
quantitatively and qualitatively. It is demonstrated that the residual currents obtained according to other definitions may
cause misunderstanding of the mass transport in water exchange applications. 相似文献
69.
Dense strong motion observation networks provided us with valuable data for studying strong motion generation from large earthquakes. From kinematic waveform inversion of seismic data, the slip distribution on the fault surface of large earthquakes is known to be spatially heterogeneous. Because heterogeneities in the slip and stress drop distributions control the generation of near-source ground motion, it is important to characterize these heterogeneities for past earthquakes in constructing a source model for reliable prediction of strong ground motion. The stress changes during large earthquakes on the faults recently occurring in Japan are estimated from the detailed slip models obtained by the kinematic waveform inversion. The stress drops on and off asperities are summarized on the basis of the stress change distributions obtained here. In this paper, we define the asperity to be a rectangular area whose slip is 1.5 or more times larger than the average slip over the fault according to the previous study for inland crustal earthquakes. The average static stress drops on the asperities of the earthquakes studied here are in the range 6?C23?MPa, whereas those off the asperities are below 3?MPa. We compiled the stress drop on the asperities together with a data set from previous studies of other inland earthquakes in Japan and elsewhere. The static stress drop on the asperity depends on its depth, and we obtained an empirical relationship between the static stress drop and the asperity??s depth. Moreover, surface-breaking asperities seemed to have smaller stress drops than buried asperities. Simple ground motion simulations using the characterized asperity source models reveal that deep asperities generate larger ground motion than shallow asperities, because of the different stress drops of the asperities. These characteristics can be used for advanced source modeling in strong ground motion prediction for inland crustal earthquakes. 相似文献
70.
The downward flux of Mn through the water column was directly measured using sediment traps. The Mn flux from the bottom sediment to the water column, and the removal rate of Mn in the bottom water were estimated from Mn gradients in the bottom water. The sediment traps were deployed more than ten times at the same station in Funka Bay, Japan. The trapped settling matter and filtered suspended matter samples were analyzed for Mn, Fe, Al and ignition loss. The observed downward flux of Mn through the water column in winter (1.3–2.8 μg/cm2 /day) was generally an order of magnitude larger than that in summer (0.13–0.45 μg/cm2 /day), and the Mn fluxes for both seasons were also greater than the accumulation rate of Mn in the bottom sediments (0.10 μg/cm 2/day). More Al was contained in the trapped settling matter than in the suspended matter, while Mn showed the opposite behavior. The Fe/Mn ratio of the residual fraction (obtained by subtracting the sediment component of the settling matter) was rather well correlated with the corresponding ratio in suspended matter. Settling particles are expected to scavenge suspended matter during their passage through the water column. The flux of Mn across the sediment—water interface was estimated from its vertical profiles in the water column to be 0.1–0.3 μg/cm2 day. The residence time of Mn in bottom water was about one to several months. These results suggest that Mn is actively recycled between the water column and the sediments of the coastal sea. 相似文献