Observed and modelled tidal currents in the New Zealand region     

Basil R. Stanton  Derek G. Goring  Robert G. Bell 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):397-415

Tidal currents derived from current meter measurements are compared with the output from a barotropic tidal model of the New Zealand region. For the semi‐diurnal constituents there was very good agreement for the M₂ tide and good agreement for the S₂ tide. For the diurnal constituents (K_l, O_l) it was found that as the amplitude of the constituents decreased so did both the model/observation agreement and the accuracy of the observed tidal ellipse parameters. Consequently it was not possible to decide whether differences arose through shortcomings in the model or in the data. However, the overall performance of the model as a prognostic tool for ocean tidal current simulation appears to be good.  相似文献   

The Little Ice Age climate of New Zealand reconstructed from Southern Alps cirque glaciers: a synoptic type approach   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Andrew Lorrey  Nicolas Fauchereau  Craig Stanton  Petra Chappell  Steven Phipps  Andrew Mackintosh  James Renwick  Ian Goodwin  Anthony Fowler 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(11-12):3039-3060

Little Ice Age (LIA) austral summer temperature anomalies were derived from palaeoequilibrium line altitudes at 22 cirque glacier sites across the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Modern analog seasons with temperature anomalies akin to the LIA reconstructions were selected, and then applied in a sampling of high-resolution gridded New Zealand climate data and global reanalysis data to generate LIA climate composites at local, regional and hemispheric scales. The composite anomaly patterns assist in improving our understanding of atmospheric circulation contributions to the LIA climate state, allow an interrogation of synoptic type frequency changes for the LIA relative to present, and provide a hemispheric context of the past conditions in New Zealand. An LIA summer temperature anomaly of ?0.56 °C (±0.29 °C) for the Southern Alps based on palaeo-equilibrium lines compares well with local tree-ring reconstructions of austral summer temperature. Reconstructed geopotential height at 1,000 hPa (z1000) suggests enhanced southwesterly flow across New Zealand occurred during the LIA to generate the terrestrial temperature anomalies. The mean atmospheric circulation pattern for summer resulted from a crucial reduction of the ‘HSE’-blocking synoptic type (highs over and to the west of NZ; largely settled conditions) and increases in both the ‘T’- and ‘SW’-trough synoptic types (lows passing over NZ; enhanced southerly and southwesterly flow) relative to normal. Associated land-based temperature and precipitation anomalies suggest both colder- and wetter-than-normal conditions were a pervasive component of the base climate state across New Zealand during the LIA, as were colder-than-normal Tasman Sea surface temperatures. Proxy temperature and circulation evidence were used to corroborate the spatially heterogeneous Southern Hemisphere composite z1000 and sea surface temperature patterns generated in this study. A comparison of the composites to climate mode archetypes suggests LIA summer climate and atmospheric circulation over New Zealand was driven by increased frequency of weak El Niño-Modoki in the tropical Pacific and negative Southern Annular Mode activity.  相似文献   

Going for the hard stuff     

Willie Stanton 《Geology Today》2001,17(3):94-95

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Effect of animal orientation on acoustic estimates of zooplanktonproperties     

Warren  J.D. Stanton  T.K. McGehee  D.E. Dezhang Chu 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2002,27(1):130-138

It is well known that the behavior of zooplankton and, in particular, their orientation distribution dramatically affects the level of backscattered acoustic energy. As a result, interpretation of acoustic survey data in the ocean is subject to error. In order to quantify these effects, laboratory data from two important classes of animals were collected. The data involved broad-band (350-650 kHz) acoustic signals insonifying individual animals whose orientation was varied over the range 0°-360° in 1° increments. The animals were from two major anatomical groups: fluid-like (decapod shrimp; Palaemonetes vulgaris) and elastic-shelled (periwinkles; Littorina littorea). The data were analyzed both in the time domain (with pulse compression processing) and the frequency domain. Averages of the laboratory data over different orientation distributions illustrate the variability in average target strength that can be expected in the ocean environment. The average target strength of the shrimp varied by 3 dB when averaged over orientation distributions centered around broadside and end-on incidence. In addition, size estimates from pulse compression processing of the broad-band echoes were made for various orientation distributions for both the shrimp and periwinkles. These results show the necessity of animal orientation information for the proper interpretation of acoustic backscatter data  相似文献   

Some oceanographic observations in the New Zealand fjords     

B.R. Stanton 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1984,19(1):89-104

Four New Zealand fjords were surveyed in March and April 1980. In Milford Sound, unusually low dissolved oxygen levels in Stirling Basin suggests that intermittent stagnation events occur, while in Deep Water Basin the bottom water was virtually anoxic. Near the entrance to Milford Sound aperiodic currents up to 38 cm s^?1 were recorded. In Isthmus Sound and Long Sound, in Preservation Inlet, contrasting circulation and mixing regimes were found and tidal currents up to 60 cm s^?1 over the entrance sill to Long Sound are important for deep water renewal.  相似文献   

A programmable microcomputer-based sonar echo processor for real-time processing     

Lee Powell Stanton  T. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1983,8(4):280-287

A programmable microcomputer-based sonar echo processor has been developed and field tested to process echo data in real time. The device was designed for use in fisheries acoustics and to analyze echoes from the sea floor. The instrument simultaneously performs the functions "echo integration" and "echo peak detection' on the sonar signal. The "echo integration" circuitry measures the relative acoustic energy of the echo while the "echo peak detection' electronics measure the probability density function (PDF) of the peak of the echo envelope. Each process is gated so the echoes may be processed in many short time intervals. In fisheries applications, estimates can be made of fish density (fish per unit volume), average backscattering cross section, and a combination of fish size and behavior. When using the device to analyze bottom echoes, it is possible to measure both the returned energy from the bottom sediment interfaces and the microrelief characteristics. The durability, flexibility, computer link, and floppy-disk data-storage features of the system are discussed. Data are presented of the processed echoes from biological organisms and the ocean bottom from a recent research cruise on the Atlantic Ocean near Cape Hatteras, NC. The biological results illustrated the organisms to be clearly divided into two separate spatial distributions-an observation not obvious from a standard echogram which was simultaneously used. The results from the bottom showed both 1) the difference in sub-bottom structure between two locations and 2) changes in microrelief of the water-bottom interface between another pair of locations.  相似文献   

Comparison of AVHRR measurements of sea surface temperature with surface observations around New Zealand     

Stephen Chiswell  Basil Stanton 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3-4):303-309

Multi‐channel Advanced Very‐High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images of sea surface temperature (SST) in the New Zealand region have been archived since 1989. A comparison of these data with conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) and expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data shows that the AVHRR temperatures are about 7% too high (when expressed in °C). Once the AVHRR temperatures have been corrected, they measure SST with an uncertainty of about 0.7°C.  相似文献   

Rates of zinc and trace metal release from dissolving sphalerite at pH 2.0–4.0     

Mark R. Stanton  Pamela A. Gemery-HillWayne C. Shanks III  Cliff D. Taylor 《Applied Geochemistry》2008

High-Fe and low-Fe sphalerite samples were reacted under controlled pH conditions to determine nonoxidative rates of release of Zn and trace metals from the solid-phase. The release (solubilization) of trace metals from dissolving sphalerite to the aqueous phase can be characterized by a kinetic distribution coefficient, (D_tr), which is defined as [(R_tr/X(tr)_Sph)/(R_Zn/X(Zn)_Sph)], where R is the trace metal or Zn release rate, and X is the mole fraction of the trace metal or Zn in sphalerite. This coefficient describes the relationship of the sphalerite dissolution rate to the trace metal mole fraction in the solid and its aqueous concentration. The distribution was used to determine some controls on metal release during the dissolution of sphalerite. Departures from the ideal D_tr of 1.0 suggest that some trace metals may be released via different pathways or that other processes (e.g., adsorption, solubility of trace minerals such as galena) affect the observed concentration of metals.  相似文献   

Acoustic characterization and discrimination of marine zooplankton and turbulence   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

Stanton  Timothy K.; Wiebe  Peter H.; Chu  Dezhang; Goodman  Luois 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1994,51(4):469-479

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Inferring fish orientation from broadband-acoustic echoes     

Stanton  Timothy K; Reeder  D.Benjamin; Jech  J.Michael 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2003,60(3):524-531

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