Air flow over and through a forest edge: A steady-state numerical simulation   总被引：3，自引：6，他引：3  

Zhenjia Li  J. D. Lin  D. R. Miller 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1990,51(1-2):179-197

A numerical model was developed to simulate neutrally stratified air flow over and through a forest edge. The spatially averaged equations for turbulent flow in vegetation canopies are derived as the governing equations. A first-order closure scheme with the capability of accounting for the bulk momentum transport process in vegetation canopies is employed. The averaged equations are solved numerically by a fractional time-step method and successive relaxation. The asymptotic solution in time is regarded as the steady-state solution. Comparisons of model output to the field measurements of Raynor (1971) indicate that the model provides a realistic mean flow.Momentum balance computations show that the pressure gradient induced by the wind blowing against the forest edge is significant and has the same order of magnitude as the drag force in the edge region. The edge effect involves the generation of drag forces, the appearance of a large pressure gradient, the upward deflection of mean flow and the transport of momentum into the edge of the canopy.  相似文献   

红水河中游地区地质构造稳定性的遥感图像分析     

林恒章 《遥感学报》1990,(1)

红水河中游地区是以北西向和北东向断裂相交叉为基本构造格局。在新构造运动时期,这两组老构造分段复活,将该区分割成一个相对独立的活动块体。 遥感信息与岩相古地理及汞矿化带相结合的分析结果表明:发震的垭都—紫云深大断裂,在新构造运动时期并未进入断块。遥感信息与历史震中的时空分布和断块结合分析表明:中强震震中绝大多数分布在断块以外,并以右江断裂带以南的频率为最大,由于这里已远在百公里之外,今后若再发生中强震,经过长途衰减,波及坝址的影响有限。 断块内距坝址15—20公里的巴鱼地区,近期发生过4.6级地震。这是一个处在乐业环状构造长轴转折端前沿,也是逻西活动断裂等多组断裂交叉处,小型环状构造也很发育,构造应力容易在此集中,历史震中与小型环状构造同断裂的交叉点关系密切。影像显示该区是相对孤立的局部地段,小震频繁,应力分阶段释放,不具备孕育强震的条件。 龙滩和岩滩电站坝址周围8公里内无大型或活动断裂通过,亦无两组以上断裂交叉点出现,构造稳定性良好,但应注意水库诱发地震的研究。  相似文献   

Time domain solution for multiple scattering and the coda envelopes     

Long-Sheng Gao  Song Lin Li 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1990,132(1-2):123-150

This article summarizes work on multiple scattering based on models of media with randomly distributed scatterers. The scatterers are isotropic and statistically uniform. Measuring distance in terms of mean-free pathL _s and time in terms of the mean-free timesL _s/V, whereV is the velocity of scattered waves, we have more convenient dimensionless distance and time. It can be shown that after the dimensionless time equals 0.65 energy contributed from multiple scattering becomes predominant. Thus the later coda reflects the effect of multiple scattering rather than single scattering. Treating the seismic record, including starting and tail parts, as a whole, the diffusion theory predicts that at a dense distribution of scatterers and a small distance between source and receiver, codas reflect mainly intrinsicQ _i. Of course, this conclusion is coincident with the presumption of the diffusion theory,Q _s>Q _i. However, from a new integral equation of multiple scattering, which deals with the scattered waves and primary waves separately, the conclusion is similar but clearer. This article quotes the new expression for coda energy in two-dimensional space. It shows that if the receiver is close to the source, the coda decay reflects only intrinsicQ _i, then as the distance increases, effects of scatteringQ _s, are involved in the decay feature. The theoretical plots of coda decay show that it seems in most cases in the earthQ _i should not be smaller than one tenth ofQ _s.Project Sponsored by the Joint Earthquake Science Foundation of China.  相似文献   

强火山爆发与厄尼诺事件   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

李若钝  孙瑞本  曲维政  井传才 《气象学报》1990,48(2):220-224

前人研究指出,强火山爆发时,把大量火山灰喷入平流层。0.5—1年内即可扩展到全球,它可以使全球平均气温下降0.5℃。本文主要揭示了近34年来,强火山爆发使全球平均气温降低这一微弱信息,经过大尺度海气相互作用调节、放大之后,使西太平洋副热带高压、赤道辐合带、北太平洋海温距平场转折,并容易发生厄尼诺的规律性。指出强火山爆发可能是厄尼诺发生的重要原因之一。  相似文献   

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF SHORT-RANGE CLIMATIC OSCILLATION WITH VARIOUS TIME SCALES FORCED BY EL NINO DURING THE NORTHERN SUMMER          下载免费PDF全文

Ni Yunqi  Lin Wuyin 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1990,4(3):305-324

The normal mode method is adopted to decompose the differences between simulations with SST(seasurface temperature)anomahes over centra-eastern Pacific and normal SST by use of a nine-layer global spec-tral model in order to investigate short-range climatic oscillation with various time scales forced by ElNino during the northern summer.Investigation shows that El Nino may have the following influence onatmosphere on various space-time scales.Extra-long wave components of Rossby mode forced by convectiveanomaly over equatorial western Pacific resulting from El Nino produce climatic oscillation on monthly(sea-sonal)time scale in middle-high latitudes of Southern and Northern Hemispheres;extra-long wave componentsof Kelvin mode forced by SST anomalies propagate along the equator,resulting in 30—60 day oscillation oftropical and subtropical atmosphere;and its long waves move eastward with westerly,resulting in quasi-biweekoscillation.  相似文献   

EFFECTS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF HEATING FIELD ON THE SUMMER MONSOON CIRCULATION IN ASIA          下载免费PDF全文

Lin Ben  Zhang Jinsong 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1990,4(3):343-353

In this paper,a primitive equation linear wave model is used to examine the effects of three-dimen-sional structure of heating field on the behavior of stationary planetary waves in summer and to comparethe roles of different heating functions for the formation and maintenance of summer monsoon circulationin Asia.It is shown that the aloft heating connected with the latent heating,especially the deep condensationheating associated with the cumulus convection in low latitudes,plays a crucial part in the Asian summer mon-soon and the structures of planetary wave responses are quite sensitive to the vertical distribution of heating.  相似文献   

梅雨锋中大振幅重力波的活动及其与环境场的关系   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5  

孙淑清 《大气科学》1990,14(2):163-172

本文分析了梅雨锋暴雨过程中中-β尺度大振幅惯性重力波的活动及其与环境场的关系。突发性降水所构成的雨峰线能表征这类波的活动,重力波平均波长为200km,振幅2hPa。周期6—8h,移速为60—80km/h,强降水全部位于中尺度气压波槽后和脊前的辐合区内,波动的传播方向各异,靠近低空急流的波动大体沿低层盛行风方向传播;有的则受中尺度散度场移动、变化的影响;或受冷锋前先期到达的冷涌性中尺度锋区的影响,并与它一起移动。这类短波活动对环境风场的影响是:它破坏近地层的急流状结构和日变化,却使对流层中、下层环境风增强,急流轴上抬以至消失,这类短波活动使大尺度风场获得能量。  相似文献   

Electronic Structures of Square Planar Coordinated Transition Metal Ions in Compounds with Gillespite Structure     

Lin Chuanyi 《中国地球化学学报》1990,9(2):132-136

Electronic structures of square planar coordinated transition metal ions in BaCuSi₄O₁₀ and CaCrSi₄O₁₀ are investigated using the ligand-field theory (LFT), angular overlap model (AOM) and iterative extended Hückel molecular orbital theory (IET). The electronic energy levels of the natural mineral dioptase are also investigated, in which the Cu²⁺ ions occupy the sites of pseudo D_4h symmetry. Both LFT and AOM predict that the crystal-field levels of transition metal ions in these compounds follow such an order that E (²B_1g <E(²B_2g <E(²A_1g )<E(²E_g ), and the frequencies of the crystal-field transitions obtained from point charge calculations are in good agreement with those observed. However, the energy-level order cannot be determined unambiguously from the IET calculation because it depends on the values of parameters chosen for the calculation.  相似文献   

天然花岗岩块的熔融实验及其岩石学意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wu Fuyuan Lin Qiang 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》1990,(2)

本文详细论述了马兰峪中生代脉状花岗间长岩固体块样品的熔融实验结果,并据此讨论了部分熔融过程中的结构与成份平衡问题。实验表明,最初熔体产生于不同矿物的接触边界上,而且石英—碱性长石之间的熔体量较石英—斜长石间熔体多,而同种矿物之间一般不出现熔体。当熔融程度增高时,两种长石间也开始出现熔体。熔体成分的研究表明,初始部分熔融过程中,局部体系的平衡起着控制作用。  相似文献   

安徽长龙山矽卡岩浆型铁矿床成因探讨   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

许国建  林新多 《地球科学》1990,15(6):649-656

  相似文献