Winter Mixed Layer and Formation of Dichothermal Water in the Bering Sea     

Takahiro Miura  Toshio Suga  Kimio Hanawa 《Journal of Oceanography》2002,58(6):815-823

The temperature minimum layer, called “dichothermal water”, is a characteristic feature of the North Pacific subarctic gyre. In particular, dichothermal water having a density of approximately 26.6 sigma-theta (σ_θ), which corresponds to the densest water outcropping in winter in the North Pacific, is seen in the Bering Sea. In order to clarify the water properties, and the area in which and the process by which the dichothermal water is formed, a new seasonal mean gridded climatological dataset with a fine resolution for the Bering Sea and adjacent seas has been prepared using historically accumulated hydrographic data. Although the waters of the Alaskan Stream have temperature minimum layers, their temperature inversions are very weak in climatologies and the core densities of the temperature minimum layers are much lighter than 26.6σ_θ. On the other hand, in the Bering Sea one can see the robust structure of temperature minimum layers, the core density of the dichothermal water being around 26.6σ_θ. In addition, it has been found that the properties of the dichothermal water observed in the warming season are almost the same as those in the winter mixed layer. That is, the dichothermal waters are formed in the winter mixed layer in the Bering Sea. Since these waters are found in the Kamchatka Strait, i.e., the main exit of the Bering Sea waters, it can be supposed that the dichothermal waters are exported from the Bering Sea to the Pacific Ocean by the Kamchatka Current. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

A numerical experiment on the variations of western boundary currents: Part II. Response to a moving typhoon     

Masahiro Endoh 《Journal of Oceanography》1973,29(1):28-43

Response of the barotropic western boundary current to typhoon passage is investigated by the use of the numerical models described in Part I. Steady states obtained in Part I are chosen as the initial conditions for undisturbed currents. In these models it is assumed that an axially symmetric typhoon (radius = 100 km, maximum wind speed = 27.4 m/sec) moves parallel to the western boundary.For the model with a flat bottom the boundary flow diminishes its strength and broadens its width after the passage of the typhoon offshore. For the model with a continental slope the effect of the typhoon is significantly different depending on the distance of the path of the typhoon from the western boundary. Specifically the north wind on the continental slope causes the formation of cyclonic vortex, which progresses southwards along the slope in the northern hemisphere. Linear theory of continental shelf waves indicates that the phase speed of the propagation of the vortex is 2.4 m/sec. Anomalies of the water level along the coast are also calculated from geostrophic relationships.  相似文献   

Twin formation in hematite during dehydration of goethite     

Genki Saito  Yuji Kunisada  Takahiro Nomura  Norihito Sakaguchi  Tomohiro Akiyama 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2016,43(10):749-757

Twin formation in hematite during dehydration was investigated using X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). When synthetic goethite was heated at different temperatures between 100 and 800 °C, a phase transformation occurred at temperatures above 250 °C. The electron diffraction patterns showed that the single-crystalline goethite with a growth direction of [001]_G was transformed into hematite with a growth direction of [100]_H. Two non-equivalent structures emerged in hematite after dehydration, with twin boundaries at the interface between the two variants. As the temperature was increased, crystal growth occurred. At 800 °C, the majority of the twin boundaries disappeared; however, some hematite particles remained in the twinned variant. The electron diffraction patterns and high-resolution TEM observations indicated that the twin boundaries consisted of crystallographically equivalent prismatic (100) (010), and (1\(\bar{1}\)0) planes. According to the total energy calculations based on spin-polarized density functional theory, the twin boundary of prismatic (100) screw had small interfacial energy (0.24 J/m²). Owing to this low interfacial energy, the prismatic (100) screw interface remained after higher-temperature treatment at 800 °C.  相似文献   

Data assimilation of sea ice concentration into a global ocean–sea ice model with corrections for atmospheric forcing and ocean temperature fields     

Takahiro Toyoda  Yosuke Fujii  Tamaki Yasuda  Norihisa Usui  Koji Ogawa  Tsurane Kuragano  Hiroyuki Tsujino  Masafumi Kamachi 《Journal of Oceanography》2016,72(2):235-262

  相似文献   

Cordilleran-type orogeny and episodic growth of continents: Insights from the circum-Pacific continental margins     

Takahiro Tagami  & Noriko Hasebe 《Island Arc》1999,8(2):206-217

A new material migration hypothesis for the plate subduction zone orogeny, so-called ‘the cordilleran-type orogeny’, is proposed on the basis of geological constraints as well as mechanics of accretionary wedges. The major tectonic processes of the hypothesis comprise: (i) episodic, extensive magmatism along the margin of an overriding plate; (ii) supply of voluminous igneous and eroded materials through forearc to trench, with an increase in the net sediment influx into trench; (iii) accelerated accretion of sediments beneath an overriding older accretionary wedge; and (iv) upward material migration within the wedge and resultant exhumation of high-P/T metamorphic rocks near the inland margin of the wedge. This hypothesis was validated by the test using available geo- and thermo-chronological data from two classical types of subduction-related orogens in Southwest Japan and California. The hypothesis, coupled with the thermochronologic point of view, requires the reconsideration of coevality of paired metamorphism. The temporal pairing is to be observed between the beginning of the regional high-T/P metamorphism and that of the uplift and exhumation of high-P/T metamorphism, with some time lag needed for material migration. Where the temporal pairing is examined therefore, the formation age of igneous rocks and related high-T/P metamorphic rocks should be compared to the exhumation age of high-P/T metamorphic rocks. The episodic, extensive magmatism that triggers the cordilleran-type orogeny shows a temporal correlation in the mid-Cretaceous for most circum-Pacific continental margins. The resultant widespread formation of accretionary complexes is also observed in the western part of the circum-Pacific margins. The deduced mid-Cretaceous circum-Pacific orogeny accompanied a gross increase in the continental crust production rate, and was approximately coeval with the Pangea breakup and the Central Pacific superplume episode, implying the orogeny as a part of the mid-Cretaceous pulsation of the Earth.  相似文献   

哈密盆地北缘活动断裂带微地貌     

柏美祥  罗福忠  李军  今泉俊文  宫内崇裕  原四强  麻勇 《内陆地震》1999,13(2):162-168

哈密盆地北线活动断裂带走向北西西,断续长180km。8条剖面的GPS测量结果显示,断坎坡度为15°～18°及31°～33°．单个断崖高3～10m。由年代学资料计算出该断裂带中全新世垂直活动速率为0．65±0．08mm／a,比晚更新世晚期垂直活动速率有所增大。  相似文献   

Experimental investigation on cohesionless sandy bank failure resulting from water level rising   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Ryosuke Arai  Kazuyuki Ota  Takahiro Sato  Yasushi Toyoda 《国际泥沙研究》2018,33(1):47-56

In the last decade, sediment replenishment forming cohesionless sandy banks below dams has become an increasingly common practice in Japan to compensate for sediment deficits downstream. The erosion process of the placed cohesionless sediment is a combination of lateral toe-erosion and the following mass failure. To explore cohesionless bank failure mechanisms, a series of experiments was done in a soil tank using a compacted sandy soil mass exposed to an increasing water level. Two types of uniform sand(D_(50) = 0.40 mm and 0.17 mm) and two bank heights(50 cm and 25 cm) were used under the condition of a constant bank slope of 75°. The three dimensional(3D) geometry of the bank after failure was measured using a handheld 3D scanner. The motion of bank failure was captured using the particle image velocimetry(PIV) technique, and the matric suction was measured by tensiometers. The compacted sandy soil was eroded by loss of matric suction accompanying the rise in water level which subsequently caused rotational slide and cantilever toppling failure due to destabilization of the bank. The effect of erosion protection resulting from the slumped blocks after these failures is discussed in the light of different failure mechanisms. Tensile strength is analyzed by inverse calculation of cantilever toppling failure events. The tensile strength had non-linear relation with degree of saturation and showed a peak.The findings of the study show that it is important to incorporate the non-linear relation of tensile strength into stability analysis of cantilever toppling failure and prediction of tension crack depth within unsaturated cohesionless banks.  相似文献   

A near-infrared survey of Miras and the distance to the Galactic Centre     

Noriyuki Matsunaga †  Takahiro Kawadu  Shogo Nishiyama †  Takahiro Nagayama  Hirofumi Hatano †  Motohide Tamura  Ian S. Glass  Tetsuya Nagata 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,399(4):1709-1729

We report the results of a near-infrared survey for long-period variables in a field of view of 20× 30 arcmin² towards the Galactic Centre (GC). We have detected 1364 variables, of which 348 are identified with those reported in Glass et al. We present a catalogue and photometric measurements for the detected variables and discuss their nature. We also establish a method for the simultaneous estimation of distances and extinctions using the period–luminosity relations for the JHK _s bands. Our method is applicable to Miras with periods in the range 100–350 d and mean magnitudes available in two or more filter bands. While J band means are often unavailable for our objects because of the large extinction, we estimated distances and extinctions for 143 Miras whose H - and   K _s  -band mean magnitudes are obtained. We find that most are located at the same distance to within our accuracy. Assuming that the barycentre of these Miras corresponds to the GC, we estimate its distance modulus to be  14.58 ± 0.02 (stat.) ± 0.11 (syst.) mag  , corresponding to  8.24 ± 0.08 (stat.) ± 0.42 (syst.) kpc  . We have assumed the distance modulus to the Large Magellanic Cloud to be 18.45 mag, and the uncertainty in this quantity is included in the above systematic error. We also discuss the large and highly variable extinction. Its value ranges from 1.5 mag to larger than 4 mag in     except towards the thicker dark nebulae and it varies in a complicated way with the line of sight. We have identified mid-infrared counterparts in the Spitzer /IRAC catalogue of Ramírez et al. for most of our variables and find that they follow rather narrow period–luminosity relations in the 3.6–8.0 μm wavelength range.  相似文献   

High-time resolution AMS C data sets for Lake Baikal and Lake Hovsgol sediment cores: Changes in radiocarbon age and sedimentation rates during the transition from the last glacial to the Holocene   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Takahiro Watanabe  Toshio Nakamura  Fumiko Watanabe Nara  Takeshi Kakegawa  Kazuho Horiuchi  Ryoko Senda  Takefumi Oda  Mitsugu Nishimura  Genki Inoue Matsumoto  Takayoshi Kawai 《Quaternary International》2009,205(1-2):12

High-time resolution ¹⁴C dating of Lake Baikal sediment cores indicates negative and positive anomalies of calculated linear sedimentation rate (LSR; 1.1 and 35.6 cm/ka, respectively) during the period of climate transition from the last glacial to Holocene. The timing of the Lake Baikal apparent LSR anomalies is consistent with that of the changes in the atmospheric radiocarbon concentration (Δ¹⁴C) during Younger Dryas rapid cooling event. ¹⁴C dating of lipids in the Lake Baikal surface sediments revealed that the sources of sedimentary lipids were different in each basin. In the Northern Basin of Lake Baikal, the ¹⁴C age of total lipids from the surface sediment (4.0 ¹⁴C ka) was found to be older than that of TOC (1.6 ¹⁴C ka). By contrast, the ¹⁴C age of total lipids in the Southern Basin was younger than that of the TOC by ca. 0.7–3.0 ka.In the Lake Hovsgol sediment cores, ages of the main lithologic boundaries during the last glacial–interglacial transition were estimated based on new ¹⁴C data sets. TOC concentration in the cores started to rapidly increase at 13.8 ± 0.3 ¹⁴C ka at the base of the basinwide finely laminated layer deposited during Bølling/Allerød. The base of the layer diatomaceous mud corresponds to the end of Younger Dryas event (10.6 ± 0.1 ¹⁴C ka).  相似文献   

Effect of salt of various concentrations on liquid limit,and hydraulic conductivity of different soil-bentonite mixtures   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anil Kumar Mishra  Masami Ohtsubo  Loretta Y. Li  Takahiro Higashi  Junboum Park 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(5):1145-1153

Effect of the various concentrations of NaCl and CaCl₂ on the four different soil-bentonite mixtures has been evaluated. The results show that the liquid limit of the mixtures decreases with an increase in the salt concentration. Liquid limit decreased significantly with an increase in CaCl₂ concentration from 0 to 0.1 N. However, a further increase in the concentration did not produce any significant decrease in liquid limit. A quite opposite trend was observed for the NaCl solution. An increase in NaCl concentration from 0 to 0.1 N did not produce any major decrease in the liquid limit, but a further increase in concentration from 0.1 to 1 N decreased the liquid limit significantly. Consolidation tests were carried out on the mixtures to evaluate the effect of mineralogical composition of the bentonite on the hydraulic conductivity (k) of the mixture in the presence of various salts concentrations. The k for any mixtures was found to be decreasing with decrease in the salt concentration. At relatively low concentration, Ca²⁺ had more effect on the k in comparison to the same concentration of Na⁺. However, at 1 N of NaCl and CaCl₂ almost an equal value of k was observed. A comparison of the performance of four bentonites showed that the mixture with bentonite having highest exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) exhibited the lowest k when permeated with de-ionized (DI) water, however, k increased with an increase in the salt concentration. Similarly, mixture with a bentonite of lower ESP exhibited a higher k with DI water but with the increase in the salt concentration alteration in the k, compared to all other mixtures, was relatively less.  相似文献