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411.
Structural design of buried pipelines for severe earthquakes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In order to realistically assess the seismic risk of a pipeline system, the accurate estimate of the pipe strains which depend upon structural details, pipe material, properties of the surrounding soil, the nature of the propagating wave, etc. is critical. Emphasis in this study, therefore has been placed on the analysis of a structural strain for several types of piping elements unique to the buried pipeline and also the provision of a simplified design formula which can be used practically. The purpose of this study is (a) to define the slippage factor in order to estimate the decrease in pipe strain resulting from the slippage effect, (b) to propose a simplified method to evaluate the plastic deformation of the pipeline for severe earthquakes, and (c) to derive a practical design formula for the structural strains of bent pipes. 相似文献
412.
Iware Matsuda Dr. 《GeoJournal》1996,38(3):349-353
Although Tokyo City has frequently suffered from earthquake disasters, more than 70 years have passed since the last catastrophe of 1923. Because Tokyo has a greater probability now than ever of being hit by another major earthquake, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has carried out two surveys for taking measures to cope with it; earthquake vulnerability assessment and earthquake damage prediction. The former assesses earthquake vulnerability regionally and is used for disaster-proof city planning. Damage due to the expected earthquake is quantitatively estimated in the latter. The results are used for making a regional disaster prevention plan in an emergency. Both physical and human geographers participate in these interdisciplinary surveys effectively. 相似文献
413.
The far-infrared extinction spectra of fused silica grains with the size range from 1.8 m to 60 Å were measured. The spectra depend clearly on the grain size. For large grain sizes (from 1.8 m to 400 Å) the spectra show almost the –2 dependence ( is the wavelength), which resembles that of the bulk material. For fine grains (70 and 60 Å) the spectra are less steep, the wavelength dependence being –1. This grain size dependence of extinction spectra agrees essentially with the prediction of Seki and Yamamoto. 相似文献
414.
Observations of the total lunar eclipse were made at 3.4-mm wavelength (87.4 GHz) on March 24, 1978. Eclipsr cooling curves with the best S/N ratio among those published thus far were obtained for the three points (the mountain area near the crater of Hipparuchus, Sinus Medii, and Copernicus). Each of the curves can be decomposed into the three parts which apparently correspond to ingress, totality, and egress. The derived cooling rate and heating rate differ significantly at the three points. 相似文献
415.
Akihiko Murakami Tokio Matsuda Nobuhiro Watanabe Shinichi Nagasawa 《Journal of Oceanography》1976,32(5):242-248
The ability to degraden-paraffin mixture of two bacterial strains,Caulobacter sp. andFlavobacterium sp., isolated from sea water of Tokyo Bay was studied experimentally in the enriched seawater (ESW) medium. These bacteria degraded actively the mixture ofn-tridecane,n-tetradecane,n-pentadecane andn-hexadecane. The maximum rate of degradation was observed after a lag period of 2 to 8 day and these bacteria were found to degrade then-paraffin mixture at rates calculated to be in a range from 3.3×10?12 to 3.4×10?11 mg-oil cell?1 h?1 at 20°C. The maximum degradation rate,r m mg-oil l?1 h?1, was correlated with the amount of the initial totaln-paraffin,S mg-oil l?1, as expressed by the following equation: $$rm = (rm)\max \left( {\frac{S}{{S + Km}}} \right)$$ where (r m )max denotes the largest value ofr m whenn-paraffin exists in large excess andK m is a constant and represents the amount ofn-paraffin at which the degradation rate,r m , reaches 1/2 of its largest value, (r m )max. The values of (r m )max andK m were calculated to be as follows: In the case ofCaulobacter sp. (strain KM-1), (r m )max=6.0 mg-oil l?1 h?1 andK m =191 mg-oillesw ?1; in the case ofFlavobacterium sp., (r m )max=5.47 mg-oil l?1 h?1 andK m =152 mg-oillesw ?1. 相似文献
416.
417.
418.
Takeshi Matsuno 《Journal of Oceanography》1991,47(4):138-151
Analysis of current velocity and temperature records obtained from moored buoy systems deployed off the east coast of Japan
reveals the intermittent occurrence of semi-diurnal internal tides and their manner of propagation. The internal tidal waves
clearly propagate toward the shore, which is confirmed by cross-correlation of the onshore current velocity and temperature
between neighboring stations. The propagation speed of the internal tide increases with water depth except in the area furthest
offshore. In this area, motions near the second mode seem to occur occasionally, while in the nearshore area the motions for
the most part consist of the first mode.
Through harmonic analysis, it is shown that theM
1 internal motions were not vertically homogeneous. That is, the internal motions are greater at the lower level in the nearshore
area while they are greater at the upper level in the offshore area. Pathways along which the energy of the internal tide
should propagate are estimated in such a way that the characteristic curves pass through the area over which relatively large
onshore/offshoreM
2 velocity is distributed. The movement of the characteristic ray of a certain phase explains the observed phase velocity estimated
from the cross-correlation diagrams. Internal motions around the characteristic ray were pronounced in a rather wide area.
Thus, it is suggested that the generation region of the internal tide in the present study area might be relatively wide. 相似文献
419.
Validation of a decadal OGCM simulation for the tropical Pacific 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
An ocean general circulation model is forced with NCEP reanalysis over the 1948–1999 period. The simulated dynamic height and sea level are compared respectively to the dynamic height computed from hydrological data and to the sea level measured by tide gauges in the tropical Pacific. The model is shown to capture important features of the temporal structure of variability in the tide gauge data over the last several decades. However, the comparison reveals a largely artificial trend in the simulation, which consists of a decreasing dynamic height and sea level in the southwest and northwest of the tropical Pacific. Model sensitivity experiments show this trend is controlled by the NCEP surface wind stresses and more precisely by a weakening in the trade winds and a trend in the off-equatorial wind curl, with this trend existing mainly before the mid 1970s. For studies of decadal variability, the simple removal of a linear trend is an inadequate way to solve the problem, due to the inhomogeneities in the data used in reanalysis products and the non-linearity of models. 相似文献
420.
Intrusion of less saline shelf water into the Kuroshio subsurface layer in the East China Sea 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Atsuhiko?IsobeEmail author Eiji?Fujiwara Pil-Hun?Chang Koichi?Sugimatsu Manabu?Shimizu Takeshi?Matsuno Atsuyoshi?Manda 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(5):853-863
The possible origin and cause of the less saline shelf water detected in the Kuroshio subsurface layer around the shelf edge
of the East China Sea are investigated using observational results obtained in May 1998–2001 in conjunction with a dataset
archived by Japan Oceanographic Data Center and a numerical model. The observations show that subsurface intrusions of less
saline water are always detected in May in layers above 24.5σθ isopycnal surface, and that salinity inversions (i.e., areas
in which the less saline water lies beneath the saline water) are detected around the trough of the Kuroshio frontal eddy
(or wave). Analyses of the archived dataset reveal that the isopycnal surface of 24.5σθ is the deepest layer of the Kuroshio
pycnocline outcropping to the sea surface on the shallow shelf in early spring. Outcropping isopycnals above 24.5σθ encounter
a less saline water plume originating from the Changjiang, especially in the western East China Sea. Thereafter, the less
saline water moves along isopycnal layers and reaches the Kuroshio front around the shelf edge. Numerical models demonstrate
that, when the frontal wave captures the less saline water, the shelf water takes the form of a salinity inversion in the
trough because isohalines in the frontal wave have a phase lag between the upper and lower layers in consequence of the baroclinic
instability. 相似文献