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91.
Tamara Markovic Slobodan Miko Sanja Kapelj Renato Buljan Ozren Larva Zoran Peh 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):124
The Croatian south part of the country is mainly composed of strongly krastified carbonate rocks. Also in this south part of Croatia is lacking of large depressions and poljes with thick covers. Some karst poljes and depressions may have thick covers, like for example the Vransko polje. The Vransko polje is characterised by an intensive agricultural activity. At the centre of the polje is located a karst spring (Turanjsko jezero), which is used for the water supply of the town Biograd and its surroundings. Total metals, nutrients (nitrate, ammonia, phosphate), organic matter content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were measured in soil samples collected from the polje. Metals and nutrients were also measured in the water samples of channel Kotarka (which is passing through the area) and three springs (Turanjsko jezero, Kakma and Tinj). Measured total concentrations of metals of soil samples were treated by R-cluster multivariate statistical analysis. The result of statistical analysis showed grouping of metals with similar behaviour. Content of metals and nutrients were low in the spring samples but high in the water sample of the channel Kotarka, because the channel drains the water from the surroundings. Although agricultural activity in the Vransko polje is high, there is no high anthropogenic influence on groundwater and soil. They are both of good quality. 相似文献
92.
Tamara A. Machac C. William Zanner Christoph E. Geiss 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,169(2):483-489
The time dependence of Isothermal Remanent Magnetization acquisition (tIRM) is a rapid, sensitive and inexpensive way to quantify the presence of ultrafine ferrimagnetic grains straddling the superparamagnetic–single domain grain size boundary, well suited for use in small rock magnetic laboratories. The technique is very selective to the presence of grains with a diameter of approximately 25 nm, and tIRM results correlate well with measurements of frequency dependent susceptibility without the need of correcting for the presence of paramagnetic minerals. A simple IRM acquisition model can be used to obtain quantitative abundance estimates for these ultrafine magnetic grains. Application of tIRM measurements to eleven soil profiles from the Midwestern United States shows that the abundance of ultrafine particles increases with precipitation, as long as the mean annual precipitation is below 850 mm a−1 . Sites that developed under more humid conditions show a decrease in tIRM and likely SP abundance, probably caused by increased iron reduction and translocation during more common periods of reducing conditions. 相似文献
93.
Modeling environmental effects on the size-structured energy flow through marine ecosystems. Part 1: The model 总被引:2,自引:3,他引:2
Olivier Maury Blaise Faugeras Yunne-Jai Shin Jean-Christophe Poggiale Tamara Ben Ari Francis Marsac 《Progress in Oceanography》2007,74(4):479-499
This paper presents an original size-structured mathematical model of the energy flow through marine ecosystems, based on established ecological and physiological processes and mass conservation principles. The model is based on a nonlocal partial differential equation which represents the transfer of energy in both time and body weight (size) in marine ecosystems. The processes taken into account include size-based opportunistic trophic interactions, competition for food, allocation of energy between growth and reproduction, somatic and maturity maintenance, predatory and starvation mortality. All the physiological rates are temperature-dependent. The physiological bases of the model are derived from the dynamic energy budget theory. The model outputs the dynamic size-spectrum of marine ecosystems in term of energy content per weight class as well as many other size-dependent diagnostic variables such as growth rate, egg production or predation mortality.In stable environmental conditions and using a reference set of parameters derived from empirical studies, the model converges toward a stationary linear log–log size-spectrum with a slope equal to −1.06, which is consistent with the values reported in empirical studies. In some cases, the distribution of the largest sizes departs from the stationary linear solution and is slightly curved downward. A sensitivity analysis to the parameters is conducted systematically. It shows that the stationary size-spectrum is not very sensitive to the parameters of the model. Numerical simulations of the effects of temperature and primary production variability on marine ecosystems size-spectra are provided in a companion paper [Maury, O., Shin, Y.-J., Faugeras, B., Ben Ari, T., Marsac, F., 2007. Modeling environmental effects on the size-structured energy flow through marine ecosystems. Part 2: simulations. Progress in Oceanography, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.05.001]. 相似文献
94.
Freezing rain (FZRA) is well documented as a major weather hazard, producing damage to structures, the environment, and humans,
and delaying various operations such as transportation. Assessing the risk of freezing rain events requires information for
various areas of the nation about the frequency, duration, and intensity of these events along with the associated weather
conditions that affect the damage caused by freezing rain. This includes temperatures (dry and wet bulb), the amount of precipitation,
and winds during freezing rain. The purpose of this work was to develop a national and regional climatology of freezing rain
events in the US for the period of 1928–2001 to addresses these conditions. 相似文献
95.
Tamara L. Gulyaeva 《Acta Geophysica》2007,55(2):253-266
Variations of the upper boundary of the ionosphere (UBI) are investigated based on three sources of information: (i) ionosonde-derived
parameters: critical frequency foF2, propagation factor M3000F2, and sub-peak thickness of the bottomside electron density profile; (ii) total electron content (TEC) observations from signals
of the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites; (iii) model electron densities of the International Reference Ionosphere
(IRI*) extended towards the plasmasphere. The ionospheric slab thickness is calculated as ratio of TEC to the F2 layer peak electron
density, NmF2, representing a measure of thickness of electron density profile in the bottomside and topside ionosphere eliminating the
plasmaspheric slab thickness of GPS-TEC with the IRI* code. The ratio of slab thickness to the real thickness in the topside ionosphere is deduced making use of a similar ratio
in the bottomside ionosphere with a weight Rw. Model weight Rw is represented as a superposition of the base-functions of local time, geomagnetic latitude, solar and magnetic activity.
The time-space variations of domain of convergence of the ionosphere and plasmasphere differ from an average value of UBI
at ∼1000 km over the earth.
Analysis for quiet monthly average conditions and during the storms (September 2002, October–November 2003, November 2004)
has shown shrinking UBI altitude at daytime to 400 km. The upper ionosphere height is increased by night with an ‘ionospheric
tail’ which expands from 1000 km to more than 2000 km over the earth under quiet and disturbed space weather. These effects
are interposed on a trend of increasing UBI height with solar activity when both the critical frequency foF2 and the peak height hmF2 are growing during the solar cycle. 相似文献
96.
ABSTRACT Two-way interactions and feedback between hydrological and social processes in settled floodplains determine the complex human–flood system and change vulnerability over time. To focus on the dynamic role of individual and governmental decision making on flood-risk management, we developed and implemented a coupled agent-based and hydraulic modelling framework. Within this framework, household agents are located in a floodplain protected by a levee system. Individual behaviour is based on Protection Motivation Theory and includes the options to (1) not react to flood risk; (2) implement individual flood protection measures; or (3) file a complaint to the government. The government decides about reinforcing the levee system, compromising between a cost-benefit analysis and filed complaints from households. We found that individual decision making can significantly influence flood risk. In addition, the coupled agent-based and hydraulic modelling framework approach captures commonly observed socio-hydrological dynamics, namely levee and adaptation effects. It provides an explanatory tool for assessing spatial and temporal dynamics of flood risk in a socio-hydrological system. 相似文献
97.
98.
Frédéric Bernardin Mireille Bossy Claire Chauvin Philippe Drobinski Antoine Rousseau Tamara Salameh 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2009,23(6):851-859
In this article, we propose a new stochastic downscaling method: provided a numerical prediction of wind at large scale, we
aim to improve the approximation at small scales thanks to a local stochastic model. We first recall the framework of a Lagrangian
stochastic model borrowed from Pope. Then, we adapt it to our meteorological framework, both from the theoretical and numerical
viewpoints. Finally, we present some promising numerical results corresponding to the simulation of wind over the Mediterranean
Sea. 相似文献
99.
Although the potential use of biomarkers within environmental risk assessment (ERA) has long been recognised their routine use is less advanced compared with clinical human health risk assessment, where a number of familiar biomarkers (such as blood pressure and serum cholesterol) are in common usage. We have examined how biomarkers are incorporated into human health risk assessment and have identified several 'required elements'. These include identification of the (clinical) assessment endpoint at the outset, rational selection of the biomarker(s) (the measurement endpoint), biomarker 'validation' (e.g. QA/QC) and biomarker 'qualification' (evidence linking the measurement and assessment endpoints). We discuss these elements in detail and propose that their adoption will facilitate the routine use of biomarkers in environmental risk assessment. Furthermore, our analysis highlights the need for cooperation between those working with biomarkers within human and environmental risk assessment to exchange best practice between common disciplines for mutual advantage. 相似文献
100.
Two advanced Kriging metamodeling techniques were used to compute the failure probability of geotechnical structures involving spatially varying soil properties. These methods are based on a Kriging metamodel combined with a global sensitivity analysis that is called in literature Global Sensitivity Analysis-enhanced Surrogate (GSAS) modeling for reliability analysis. The GSAS methodology may be used in combination with either the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) or importance sampling (IS) method. The resulting Kriging metamodeling techniques are called GSAS-MCS or GSAS-IS. The objective of these techniques is to reduce the number of calls of the mechanical model as compared with the classical Kriging-based metamodeling techniques (called AK-MCS and AK-IS) combining Kriging with MCS or IS. The soil uncertain parameters were assumed as non-Gaussian random fields. EOLE methodology was used to discretize these random fields. The mechanical models were based on numerical simulations. Some probabilistic numerical results are presented and discussed. 相似文献