Recent and historical tsunami deposits from Lake Tokotan,eastern Hokkaido,Japan, inferred from nondestructive,grain size,and radioactive cesium analyses     

Shinozaki  Tetsuya  Sawai  Yuki  Ito  Kazumi  Hara  Junko  Matsumoto  Dan  Tanigawa  Koichiro  Pilarczyk  Jessica E. 《Natural Hazards》2020,103(1):713-730

Geological evidence of recent tsunamis from sediment samples collected from Lake Tokotan, a coastal lagoon in eastern Hokkaido, northern Japan, was detected using computed tomography (CT) and soft X-ray images, grain size, and radionuclide profiles. Initial field observations revealed that sediments had no discernable sedimentary structures at the top of the core. However, results of CT imaging, soft X-ray, and grain size analyses show evidence for three invisible sand layers that are intercalated with mud layers. These sand layers exhibit trends of landward fining and thinning. Furthermore, the distribution of sand layers was limited to the center and seaward parts of the lake. Vertical profiles of cesium and lead concentrations in combination with recent eyewitness accounts indicated that these sand layers are correlated with the 1973 Nemuro-oki, 1960 Chilean, and 1952 Tokachi-oki tsunami events. The deeper part of the sediment cores includes three volcanic ash layers and three prehistoric coarse sand layers. The prehistoric layers are correlated with unusually large tsunamis that were geologically identified in previous studies from eastern Hokkaido. These findings suggest that nondestructive techniques, in combination with radionuclide analysis, allow for detection of frequent but faint tsunami deposits. This technique allows for an improved understanding of the history of tsunami inundation in Lake Tokotan and of other locations for which stratigraphic evidence for faint tsunamis layers is not readily apparent from field assessments.

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Separation of Heavy Lanthanoids by Flash Column Chromatography for Precise Determination of Er and Yb Isotope Compositions in Rock Samples     

Tetsuya Yokoyama  Ryota Fukai  Masaki Nakahara 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(2):265-285

We present a new column chemistry technique for the quantitative separation of heavy lanthanoids by an ultra‐fine‐grained LN resin (20–50 µm) with a specific emphasis on the purification of Er and Yb for their isotopic analysis. To achieve the quantitative separation of Er and Yb within a reasonable timescale, flash column chromatography was applied, where the column was attached to a newly designed vacuum box system, thus accelerating the elution speed by ten times compared with that of the normal column procedure operated by gravity flow. The recovery yields of Er and Yb were confirmed to be approximately 100%, which is important to suppress the effect of the mass‐independent fractionation of the Er and Yb isotopes during chromatography. Additionally, we have developed precise Er and Yb isotope measurements by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) using multistatic and/or dynamic methods. Moreover, in most cases, the Er and Yb isotope compositions of the measured four terrestrial rock samples were indistinguishable from those of the commercially available Er and Yb Alfa Aesar solutions. The new method presented in this work will be useful for future studies on heavy lanthanoids in various geological materials.  相似文献   

Morphological Variation of the Sea Silverside Odontesthes regia in Regions with Dissimilar Upwelling Intensity along the Humboldt Current System     

Deville  Diego  Sanchez  Gustavo  Barahona  Sergio  Yamashiro  Carmen  Oré-Chávez  Daniel  Bazán  Roger Quiroz  Umino  Tetsuya 《Ocean Science Journal》2020,55(1):33-48

Ocean Science Journal - We evaluated the influence of areas with dissimilar upwelling intensity along the Humboldt Current System on the morphological variation of the economically important sea...  相似文献   

Plasma motions in the flare of 1982 June 6 (X12)     

Tetsuya Watanabe 《Solar physics》1990,126(2):351-366

This paper analyzes soft X-ray spectra obtained from the Hinotori spacecraft for the investigation of plasma motions during the initial phase of the great flare, 1982 June 6. The wavelength calibration of the scanning spectrometers is determined from information on the spacecraft attitude and from the position of the Fexxv resonance line during the decay phase. Hard X-ray bursts, nonthermal line broadenings and blueshifted components in X-ray lines are temporally correlated with time differences of 0–30 s. The possible contribution of the blueshifted component to the line width decreases more rapidly than the nonthermal broadening, which suggests dominant plasma motions are taking place at higher and higher altitude in the corona, because of the increase of electron density in flaring loops. The evolution of the input kinetic energy content to the thermal plasma inferred from line broadenings in the impulsive phase resembles that of the thermal energy content in the source of the Fexxvi emission, which is different from that deduced for Fexxv source. This suggests that the origins of the nonthermal line broadening and Fexxvi source are closely coupled.  相似文献   

Phase transition in CaSiO₃ perovskite     

Tetsuya Komabayashi  Kei Hirose  Nagayoshi Sata  Yasuo Ohishi  Leonid S. Dubrovinsky 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2007,260(3-4):564-569

A phase transition in pure CaSiO₃ perovskite was investigated at 27 to 72 GPa and 300 to 819 K by in-situ X-ray diffraction experiments in an externally-heated diamond-anvil cell. The results show that CaSiO₃ perovskite takes a tetragonal form at 300 K and undergoes phase transition to a cubic structure above 490–580 K in a pressure range studied here. The transition boundary is strongly temperature-dependent with a slightly positive dT / dP slope of 1.1 (± 1.3) K/GPa. It is known that the transition temperature depends on Al₂O₃ content dissolved in CaSiO₃ perovskite [Kurashina et al., Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 145 (2004) 67–74]. The phase transition in CaSiO₃(+ 3 wt.% Al₂O₃) perovskite therefore could occur in a cold subducted mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) crust at about 1200 K in the upper- to mid-lower mantle. This phase transition is possibly ferroelastic-type and may cause large seismic anomalies in a wide depth range.  相似文献   

Thermodynamics of the Upper Mantle     

Y. Shimazu 《Geophysical Journal International》1967,14(1-4):429-431

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Tidal Winds on Titan Caused by Saturn     

Tetsuya TokanoFritz M. Neubauer 《Icarus》2002,158(2):499-515

The influence of Saturn's gravitational tide on the atmosphere of Titan is investigated by means of a three-dimensional general circulation model. Titan's orbital eccentricity of 0.0292 gives rise to time-dependent radial and librational tide whose potential circles eastward on Titan. Unlike atmospheric tides on terrestrial planets, Saturn's tide on Titan has a large impact on the dynamic meteorology down to the surface. The surface pressure oscillates by up to 1.5 hPa through the orbit. Near the surface the tidal wind dominates the atmospheric flow and exhibits strong temporal and spatial variation. The superposition of the annually present, thermally forced latitudinal pressure gradient and tidally caused pressure variation produces a unique wind pattern near the surface characterized by equatorward flow and high-latitude whirls. At higher levels the tidal wind manifests itself as eastward traveling planetary-scale wave of wavenumber 2 superposed on the background wind. In general tidal winds are more significant in the troposphere, where other forcing mechanisms are weak. Meridional tidal winds become as fast as 5 m s⁻¹ in the troposphere and change direction periodically through the orbit and along the parallel of latitude. Except in the lower troposphere, zonal winds always remain prograde because the tidal wind amplitude is usually smaller than the mean zonal wind. The tide also has a large impact on the mean zonal circulation in the stratosphere. A meridional drift of the descending Huygens Probe in the troposphere would be the easiest way to verify the tidal wind on Titan, but more complete observations of tropospheric wind and surface pressure by a future mission would be required to unveil the complete details of the tidal wind.  相似文献   

Abundance, Biomass, Production and Trophic Roles of Micro- and Net-Zooplankton in Ise Bay, Central Japan, in Winter     

Shin-Ichi Uye  Naoki Nagano  Tetsuya Shimazu 《Journal of Oceanography》2000,56(4):389-398

We investigated the geographical variations in abundance and biomass of the major taxonomic groups of micro- and net-zooplankton along a transect through Ise Bay, central Japan, and neighboring Pacific Ocean in February 1995. The results were used to estimate their secondary and tertiary production rates and assess their trophic roles in this eutrophic embayment in winter. Ise Bay nourished a much higher biomass of both micro- and net-zooplankton (mean: 3.79 and 13.9 mg C m^–3, respectively) than the offshore area (mean: 0.76 and 4.47 mg C m^–3, respectively). In the bay, tintinnid ciliates, naked ciliates and copepod nauplii accounted for, on average, 69, 18 and 13% of the microzooplankton biomass, respectively. Of net-zooplankton biomass, copepods (i.e. Acartia, Calanus, Centropages, Microsetella and Paracalanus) formed the majority (mean: 63%). Average secondary production rates of micro- and net-zooplankton in the bay were 1.19 and 1.87 mg C m^–3d^–1 (or 23.1 and 36.4 mg C m^–2d^–1), respectively, and average tertiary production rate of net-zooplankton was 0.75 mg C m^–3d^–1 (or 14.6 mg C m^–2d^–1). Available data approximated average phytoplankton primary production rate as 1000 mg C m^–2d^–1 during our study period. The transfer efficiency from primary production to zooplankton secondary production was 6.0%, and the efficiency from secondary production to tertiary production was 25%. The amount of food required to support the zooplankton secondary production corresponded to 18% of the phytoplankton primary production or only 1.7% of the phytoplankton biomass, demonstrating that the grazing impact of herbivorous zooplankton was minor in Ise Bay in winter.  相似文献   

Geochemical evolution of historical lavas from Askja Volcano, Iceland: Implications for mechanisms and timescales of magmatic differentiation     

Takeshi Kuritani  Tetsuya Yokoyama  Hiroshi Kitagawa  Eizo Nakamura 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(2):570-587

The mechanisms and the timescales of magmatic evolution were investigated for historical lavas from the Askja central volcano in the Dyngjufjöll volcanic massif, Iceland, using major and trace element and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic data, as well as ²³⁸U-²³⁰Th-²²⁶Ra systematics. Lavas from the volcano show marked compositional variation from magnesian basalt through ferrobasalt to rhyolite. In the magnesian basalt-ferrobasalt suite (5-10 wt% MgO), consisting of lavas older than 1875 A.D., ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr increases systematically with increasing SiO₂ content; this suite is suggested to have evolved in a magma chamber located at ∼600 MPa through assimilation and fractional crystallization. On the other hand, in the ferrobasalt-rhyolite suite (1-5 wt% MgO), including 1875 A.D. basalt and rhyolite and 20th century lavas, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr tends to decrease slightly with increasing SiO₂ content. It is suggested that a relatively large magma chamber occupied by ferrobasalt magma was present at ∼100 MPa beneath the Öskjuvatn caldera, and that icelandite and rhyolite magmas were produced by extraction of the less and more evolved interstitial melt, respectively, from the mushy boundary layer along the margin of the ferrobasalt magma chamber, followed by accumulation of the melt to form separate magma bodies. Ferrobasalt and icelandite lavas in the ferrobasalt-rhyolite suite have a significant radioactive disequilibrium in terms of (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th), and its systematic decrease with magmatic evolution is considered to reflect aging, along with assimilation and fractional crystallization processes. Using a mass-balance model in which simultaneous fractional crystallization, crustal assimilation, and radioactive decay are taken into account, the timescale for the generation of icelandite magma from ferrobasalt was constrained to be <∼3 kyr which is largely dependent on Ra crystal-melt partition coefficients we used.  相似文献   

Thermal evolution of flare plasma     

Tetsuya Watanabe  Katsuo Tanaka  Kyo Akita  Nariaki Nitta 《Solar physics》1983,86(1-2):107-113

The evolution of hot thermal plasma in solar flares is analyzed by a single-temperature model applied to continuum emission in the 5 keV < E ? 13 keV spectral range. The general trend that the thermal plasma observed in soft X-rays is heated by the non-thermal electrons that emit as the hard X-ray bursts is confirmed by the observation of an electron temperature increase at the time interval of hard X-ray spikes and a quantitative comparison between thermal energy content and hard X-ray energy input. Non-thermal electrons of 10 keV < E < 30 keV energy may play an important role in pre- and post-burst phases.  相似文献