The distribution and relative toxic potential of organic chemicals in a PCB contaminated bay     

Sundberg H  Tjärnlund U  Kerman G  Blomberg M  Ishaq R  Grunder K  Hammar T  Broman D  Balk L 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,50(2):195-207

For reliable monitoring of environmental improvement, the PCB contaminated bay Orserumsviken on Sweden's Baltic coast was investigated prior to remediation. We examined PCB congener patterns and the relative toxic potential of PCBs in extracts of three matrices: bottom sediment, settling particulate matter and the dissolved phase (obtained from semi-permeable membrane devices). Congener patterns were similar in all matrices. Three fractions were isolated from the extracts: (1) aliphatic and monocyclic aromatic compounds (MAC-fraction), (2) dicyclic aromatic compounds (DAC-fraction), including PCBs, and (3) polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC-fraction), including PAHs. Total extracts and fractions were injected into newly fertilised rainbow trout eggs. At larval stage, hepatic EROD activities were quantified. Though high, the PCB contamination could explain only an estimated 1-5% of the total EROD induction. The order of EROD induction potential was: total extract > PAC-fraction > DAC-fraction > MAC-fraction in all matrices, suggesting that in Orserumsviken PACs made a larger contribution to the EROD induction potential than PCBs and other DACs.  相似文献   

Full scale wake and boundary layer instrumentation feasibility study     

Vernon A. Phelps  Research Scientist  Project Director  Armin W. Troesch  Assistant Research Scientist  John P. Hackett  Graduate Research Assistant 《Ocean Engineering》1980,7(2):281-304

Fluid-flow measuring devices intended for full scale use were designed and tested. One device consisted of a rake supporting different types of pitot tubes. This will be used to obtain a velocity profile of the boundary layer of a test ship. The other device was a five-hole pitot tube that was used in a wake survey. The pressure transport medium (i.e. the medium that carried the pressure signal from the pitot tube to the pressure transducer) was air instead of water. This proved to be successful, as the results indicate.  相似文献   

Cytochrome P450 in seals: monooxygenase activities, immunochemical cross-reactions and response to phenobarbital treatment     

Anders Goksoyr  Jonny Beyer  Hvard E. Larsen  Tommy Andersson  Lars Frlin 《Marine environmental research》1992,34(1-4)

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities, reflecting the expression of various subfamilies of P450, were measured in liver samples of harp and hooded seal. Differences in some of the investigated parameters were observed between the two species, between sexes, and between pups and adults. Treatment of single female pups from each species with phenobarbital (i.v. 45 mg/kg), resulted in increased levels of EROD and estradiol 2-hydroxylase activities in both species, whereas MCOD, ECOD and PROD activities were induced only in the harp seal sample. Antibodies against a dog P450 2B form (anti-dog PBD-2 IgG) gave a single band around 52kD in both species, strongest in male pups. This band seemed elevated in the PB-treated harp seal pup. Based on the single treated pup of each species, the results suggest that seals respond to PB-type treatment with a weaker response, and with different enzyme patterns, that most terrestrial mammals. Antibodies against cod P450 IAI cross-reacted with two bands in liver samples from adult seals of both species (about 54 and 52kD), but this was strongest in the hooded seal. The intensity of the bands reflected the EROD activities in the samples, suggesting the application of immunodetection in screening marine mammals for effects of environmental contamination.  相似文献   

Biochemical and physiological disturbances in fish inhabiting coastal waters polluted with bleached kraft mill effluents     

Tommy Andersson  Lars Frlin  Jan Hrdig  ke Larsson 《Marine environmental research》1988,24(1-4)

An extensive trial to examine physiological and biochemical changes in perch (Perca fluviatilis) inhabiting coastal waters polluted by bleached kraft mill effluents has been carried out. The results from this investigation show profound effects of bleached kraft mill effluents on several fundamental biochemical and physiological functions on four different sampling occasions. Typical symptoms in perch from the polluted areas were reduced gonad growth, enlarged liver, and very strong induction of certain cytochrome P-450-dependent activities. Elevated content of ascorbic acid in liver tissue and strongly affected carbohydrate metabolism show that the effluent causes metabolic disorders. Marked effects on the white blood cell pattern indicate a suppressed immune defence. Alterations in the red blood cell status and the ion balance suggest an impaired gill function. This extensive symptom picture is strengthened by the relatively good agreement with the effects previously observed in fish exposed to bleached kraft mill effluents (BKME) in the laboratory.^1–3  相似文献   

Oceanic bubble population measurements using a buoy-deployedcombination frequency technique     

Phelps  A.D. Leighton  T.G. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1998,23(4):400-410

This paper presents the results of using a combination frequency acoustic technique to measure the near-surface bubble population in the open sea. The combination frequency technique monitors the appearance of sum-and-difference signals generated by the nonlinear interaction of two sound fields: one, a high-frequency signal, scatters geometrically from the bubble, and the other, of much lower frequency, is used to excite the bubble into resonant pulsation. The text details the calibration of the apparatus necessary to relate the measured heights of the sum-and-difference terms to actual numbers of bubbles and describes the experimental procedure for the collection of the oceanic data. In total, six trials were performed over a one-day period, each comprising ten “snapshots” of the local bubble population at ten discrete radii. This data was augmented with simultaneous video, slide, and dictaphone records of the state of the sea around the measurement position  相似文献   

Application of underwater optical data to estimation of primary productivity     

Makio C. Honda  Kosei Sasaoka  Hajime Kawakami  Kazuhiko Matsumoto  Shuichi Watanabe  Tommy Dickey 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(12):2281-2292

We conducted time-series observations of optical fields near the base of the euphotic zone (approximately 40 m) using moored automatic optical sensors at a time-series station in the Western Pacific Subarctic Gyre from March 2005 to July 2006 (with some gaps). We used the ratio of photosynthetically available radiation at the surface (surface PAR) to in situ quantum irradiance (in situ QI) at about 40 m as an index of opacity (surface PAR/in situ QI), which began to increase in the middle of April and peaked between the end of June and the middle of July 2005. This ratio then decreased toward winter. The ratio increased again beginning in January 2006, and large peaks were observed in June and July 2006. As an index of chlorophyll abundance we used the ratio of spectral irradiance at wavelengths of 555 and 443 nm (Ed₅₅₅/Ed₄₄₃) at about 40 m; seasonal variability of this ratio synchronized well with the attenuation coefficient “k” estimated with surface PAR, in situ QI, and BLOOMS depth. We estimated primary productivity (PP) using Ed₅₅₅/Ed₄₄₃ and an empirical equation based on a previous model but improved on the basis of shipboard observations. Estimated PP agreed well with observed PP. Seasonal variability of estimated PP was synchronized with that of organic carbon flux observed by sediment traps from approximately 150, 540, 1000, and 5000 m. This study demonstrates that time-series observations of in situ optical fields could contribute to the estimation of primary productivity and the study of the biological pump in the ocean.  相似文献   

Is Ocean Acidification an Open-Ocean Syndrome? Understanding Anthropogenic Impacts on Seawater pH   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Carlos M. Duarte  Iris E. Hendriks  Tommy S. Moore  Ylva S. Olsen  Alexandra Steckbauer  Laura Ramajo  Jacob Carstensen  Julie A. Trotter  Malcolm McCulloch 《Estuaries and Coasts》2013,36(2):221-236

Ocean acidification due to anthropogenic CO₂ emissions is a dominant driver of long-term changes in pH in the open ocean, raising concern for the future of calcifying organisms, many of which are present in coastal habitats. However, changes in pH in coastal ecosystems result from a multitude of drivers, including impacts from watershed processes, nutrient inputs, and changes in ecosystem structure and metabolism. Interaction between ocean acidification due to anthropogenic CO₂ emissions and the dynamic regional to local drivers of coastal ecosystems have resulted in complex regulation of pH in coastal waters. Changes in the watershed can, for example, lead to changes in alkalinity and CO₂ fluxes that, together with metabolic processes and oceanic dynamics, yield high-magnitude decadal changes of up to 0.5 units in coastal pH. Metabolism results in strong diel to seasonal fluctuations in pH, with characteristic ranges of 0.3 pH units, with metabolically intense habitats exceeding this range on a daily basis. The intense variability and multiple, complex controls on pH implies that the concept of ocean acidification due to anthropogenic CO₂ emissions cannot be transposed to coastal ecosystems directly. Furthermore, in coastal ecosystems, the detection of trends towards acidification is not trivial and the attribution of these changes to anthropogenic CO₂ emissions is even more problematic. Coastal ecosystems may show acidification or basification, depending on the balance between the invasion of coastal waters by anthropogenic CO₂, watershed export of alkalinity, organic matter and CO₂, and changes in the balance between primary production, respiration and calcification rates in response to changes in nutrient inputs and losses of ecosystem components. Hence, we contend that ocean acidification from anthropogenic CO₂ is largely an open-ocean syndrome and that a concept of anthropogenic impacts on marine pH, which is applicable across the entire ocean, from coastal to open-ocean environments, provides a superior framework to consider the multiple components of the anthropogenic perturbation of marine pH trajectories. The concept of anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH acknowledges that a regional focus is necessary to predict future trajectories in the pH of coastal waters and points at opportunities to manage these trajectories locally to conserve coastal organisms vulnerable to ocean acidification.  相似文献   

Galactic clusters with associated Cepheid variables – VII. Berkeley 58 and CG Cassiopeiae     

D. G. Turner †‡§  D. Forbes †  D. English ‡  P. J. T. Leonard  J. N. Scrimger  A. W. Wehlau  R. L. Phelps †  L. N. Berdnikov §  E. N. Pastukhova 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,388(1):444-456

Photoelectric, photographic and CCD UBV photometry, spectroscopic observations and star counts are presented for the open cluster Berkeley 58 to examine a possible association with the 4.37 d Cepheid CG Cas. The cluster is difficult to separate from the early-type stars belonging to the Perseus spiral arm, in which it is located, but has reasonably well-defined parameters: an evolutionary age of ∼10⁸ yr, a mean reddening of   E ( B − V ) (B0) = 0.70 ± 0.03  s.e. and a distance of  3.03 ± 0.17 kpc ( V ₀− M _V = 12.40 ± 0.12  s.d.). CG Cas is a likely cluster coronal member on the basis of radial velocity, and its period increase of  +0.170 ± 0.014 s yr⁻¹  and large light amplitude describe a Cepheid in the third crossing of the instability strip lying slightly blueward of strip centre. Its inferred reddening and luminosity are   E ( B − V ) = 0.64 ± 0.02  s.e. and  〈 M _V 〉=−3.06 ± 0.12  . A possible K supergiant may also be a cluster member.  相似文献   

Short Communication: Comments on Comparison of Seismic Dispersion and Attenuation Models by Ursin B. and Toverud T., Stud. Geophys. Geod., 46, 293-320     

Ursin  Björn  Toverud  Tommy 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2003,47(1):217-219

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -  相似文献   

Measurement and analysis of currents along the Danish west coast     

Tommy G. Jensen  Steingrimur Jónsson 《Ocean Dynamics》1987,40(5):193-213

Summary Current meter records from summer and late fall at three positions have been analyzed and related to sea level and wind data. Spectral analysis shows that the most energetic fluctuations are due to tides with an amplitude corresponding to 0.2 m/s. The variability is mainly in the alongshore direction for tidal and subtidal frequencies. The adjusted sea level, which is decreasing northwards, has the strongest response for winds from land in the wintertime. In the summer a balance between bottom friction and alongshore wind stress is found with a resistance coefficient of 0.1 cm/s, while a more complicated balance exists in the winter. The mean flow during summer is about 2 cm/s. For an estimated length scale of 170 km this corresponds to an alongshore transport of 0.15·10⁶m³/s (=0.15 Sv).

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Strömungsmessungen und-analysen entlang der Dänischen Westküste

Zusammenfassung Strömungsmessungen im Sommer und im Herbst an drei Positionen wurden analysiert und in Beziehung zum Wasserstand und Windfeld gesetzt. Wie die Spektralanalyse zeigt, sind die energiereichsten Fluktuationen gezeitenbedingt mit einer Amplitude von 0,2 m/s. Die Variabilität ist am größten bei den Gezeiten- und Subgezeitenfrequenzen längs der Küste. Der sich einstellende Wasserstand, welcher nach Norden hin abnimmt, reagiert am stärksten bei ablandigen Winden im Winter. Im Sommer findet man ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Bodenreibung und küstenparallelen Windschub mit einem Reibungskoeffizient von 0,1 cm/s. Im Winter hingegen ist die Situation wesentlich komplizierter. Die mittlere Strömungsgeschwindigkeit beträgt ca. 2 cm/s im Sommer, das entspricht einem Transport von 0,15·10⁶ m³/s (=0,15 Sv) bei einer geschätzten Längenskala von 170 km.

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Mesures et analyse de courants le long de la côte danoise occidentale

Résumé Des données obtenues par courantmètres durant l'été et fin automne à trois sites sont analysées et comparées au niveau de la mer et aux vents. Une analyse spectrale montre que les fluctuations les plus énergétiques, avec des amplitudes de l'ordre de 0,2 m/s, sont attribuables aux marées. Leur variabilité est concentrée dans la direction parallèle à la côte pour les fréquences de marées es au-dessous. Après ajustement, le niveau de la mer, qui decroît vers le nord, réagit le plus fortement aux vents d'hiver dirigés au large. Pendant l'été, un équilibre entre la friction sur le fond et le cisailement du vent le long de la côte est atteint pour un coefficient de résistance de 0,1 cm/s, alors qu'un équilibre plus compliqué s'établit durant l'hiver. Le courant moyen pendant l'été est de l'ordre de 2 cm/s. Avec une longueur d'échelle estimée à 170 km, ceci correspond à un transport de 0,15·10⁶ m³/s (=0,15 Sv) le long de la côte.

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