Geology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of intrusive rocks of the Wallagga area, western Ethiopia     

Tesfaye Kebede  Christian Koeberl  Friedrich Koller 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》1999,29(4):1773

Crystalline rocks from the western Ethiopian Precambrian terrain comprise two major rock groups: (1) the often migmatised eastern and western high-grade gneisses; and (2) the central low-grade metavolcanosedimentary rocks. Granitoid bodies of different ages and compositions intrude these rocks. Field observations, petrographic investigations, and geochemical features support a two-fold classification of the granitoid rocks. The volcanic arc granitoids (VAG) are most common and include the Ujjukka granite and granodiorite, and the Dhagaa Booqa and Guttin K-feldspar megacrystic granites. The second and geographically more restricted group represents within-plate or anorogenic (A-type) granitoids, typified by the Tullu Kapii syenite. Geochemically, the Tullu Kapii syenite is characterised by moderate to high contents of SiO₂, total alkalis, Y, Nb, Ta, Hf, Zn, Zr, Ga, ΣREE, higher ratios of Fe₂O_3(total)/MgO, , , and lower contents of CaO, MgO, Sr, and Ba, compared to the other granitoids. The VAG group shows chondrite-normalised REE patterns with slightly enriched LREE and flat HREE patterns without significant Eu anomalies. In contrast, the Tullu Kapii A-type granitoid is characterised by a nearly horizontal REE pattern with variable negative Eu anomalies. The Ujjukka granite and granodiorite; and the Dhagaa Booqa and Guttin K-feldspar megacrystic granites originated in a two-step process, which involves batch equilibrium melting of basaltic or andesitic material producing tonalitic magma, followed by fractional crystallisation. The Tullu Kapii syenite was the product of partial melting of source rocks enriched in high field strength elements.  相似文献   

A Sr isotope study on fluorite and siderite from post-orogenic mineral veins in the eastern Harz Mountains,Germany   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jens?SchneiderEmail author  Udo?Haack  Klaus?Stedingk 《Mineralium Deposita》2003,38(8):984-991

Rb–Sr isotope data for siderite and fluorite from sediment-hosted epithermal mineral veins in the eastern Harz Mountains (Germany) are presented. Several fluorite and siderite-bearing paragenetic stages have been proposed for these veins, with the most important mineralization being related to a quartz–sulfide and a subsequent calcite–fluorite–quartz stage, which occurred at 226±1 and 209±2 Ma, respectively. Our Rb–Sr data do not permit the identification of distinct generations of siderite and fluorite, but rather reveal straight internal mixing relations, reflecting mixing of fluids or differential fluid–rock interaction processes. This indicates merely two significant phases of mineral deposition related to the quartz–sulfide and calcite–fluorite–quartz stages. It is shown that the Paleozoic sedimentary host rocks of the veins are the most likely source for the siderite Sr, whereas fluorite displays a two-component mixture between sedimentary Sr and radiogenic Sr derived from locally occurring Permian metavolcanic rocks. Editorial handling: B. Lehmann  相似文献   

Pre-Cenozoic intra-plate magmatism along the Central Andes (17–34°S): Composition of the mantle at an active margin     

Friedrich Lucassen  Gerhard Franz  Rolf L. Romer  Frank Schultz  Peter Dulski  Klaus Wemmer 《Lithos》2007,99(3-4):312-338

Sr–Nd–Pb isotope ratios of alkaline mafic intra-plate magmatism constrain the isotopic compositions of the lithospheric mantle along what is now the eastern foreland or back arc of the Cenozoic Central Andes (17–34°S). Most small-volume basanite volcanic rocks and alkaline intrusive rocks of Cretaceous (and rare Miocene) age were derived from a depleted lithospheric mantle source with rather uniform initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ( 0.5127–0.5128) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ( 0.7032–0.7040). The initial ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios are variable (18.5–19.7) at uniform ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios (15.60 ± 0.05). A variety of the Cretaceous depleted mantle source of the magmatic rocks shows elevated Sr isotope ratios up to 0.707 at constant high Nd isotope ratios. The variable Sr and Pb isotope ratios are probably due to radiogenic growth in a metasomatized lithospheric mantle, which represents the former sub-arc mantle beneath the early Palaeozoic active continental margin. Sr–Nd–Pb isotope signatures of a second mantle type reflected in the composition of Cretaceous (one late Palaeozoic age) intra-plate magmatic rocks (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd  0.5123, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr  0.704, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb  17.5–18.5, and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb  15.45–15.50) are similar to the isotopic composition of old sub-continental lithospheric mantle of the Brazilian Shield.

Published Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of Mesozoic to Cenozoic arc-related magmatic rocks (18–40°S) represent the composition of the convective sub-arc mantle in the Central Andes and are similar to those of the Cretaceous (and rare Miocene) intra-plate magmatic rocks. The dominant convective and lithospheric mantle type beneath this old continental margin is depleted mantle, which is compositionally different from average MORB-type depleted mantle. The old sub-continental lithospheric mantle did not contribute to Mesozoic to Cenozoic arc magmatism.  相似文献   

The restricted stability of osumilite under hydrous conditions in the system K2O-MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O     

Martin Olesch  Friedrich Seifert 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1981,76(3):362-367

Osumilite_ss was synthesized as a single phase product in the model system K₂O-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ at 800° C/ 0.5 Kbar water pressure and at 800° to 840° C/1.0 Kbar total pressure with 0.3 in the gas phase. The experimentally determined solid solubility range of synthetic osumilites can be expressed by the formula KMg₂(Al_3-xMg_x) (Al_2–xSi_10+x)O₃₀ with 0x0.4. A survey of sixteen chemical analyses of natural osumilites from eleven occurrences shows a solid solubility characterized by 0x0.6. Reversed stability experiments for the synthetic osumilite KMg₂(Al_2.75Mg_0.25)(Al_1.75Si_10.25)O₃₀ determined at water pressure equal to total pressure demonstrate its restriction to water pressures below 0.8 Kbar (at 0.5 Kbar, the stability range is between 765° and 800° C). At the lower thermal stability limit osumilite+H₂O vapor break down to cordierite+K feldspar+phlogopite_ss+quartz, at the higher one to cordierite+K feldspar+phlogopite+liquid. Reduction of water fugacity will expand the stability field largely by shifting the lower and higher thermal stability limits to lower and higher temperatures, respectively. The dependence of osumilite stability on water fugacity makes osumilite a sensitive indicator mineral for dry conditions in rocks formed at total pressures higher than about 0.8 Kbar.  相似文献   

Small-scale diffusion experiments in the Baltic surface-mixed layer under different weather conditions     

Prof. Dr. Friedrich Schott  Mafred Ehlers  Lutz Hubrich  Detlef Quadfasel 《Ocean Dynamics》1978,31(6):195-215

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Book reviews     

D. D. Klemm  R. Snethlage  Köhler  G. Friedrich 《Mineralium Deposita》1979,14(3):386-389

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Comparison of different methods of current measurements     

Detlef Quadfasel  Prof. Dr. Friedrich Schott 《Ocean Dynamics》1979,32(1):27-38

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Organochlorverbindungen im Seewasser der westlichen Ostsee Untersuchungsmethode und Ergebnisse der Jahre 1976 und 1978     

Dr. Horst Gaul  Udo Ziebarth 《Ocean Dynamics》1980,33(5):199-209

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Untersuchungen an Riesgläsern     

Friedrich Hörz 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1965,11(7):621-661

Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen und Überlegungen geologischer und mineralogischer Art erbrachten folgende neuen Erkenntnisse über die Entstehung der Flädle, der Suevite und.damit auch des ganzen Rieskessels:Eine niemals mit der Suevitmatrix verschweißte Oberfläche, Bruchstücke im Anstehenden, das rasche Verschwinden der Schlieren und Kristallfragmente, beim Wiederaufschmelzen beweisen neben dem Auftreten von Stishovit und den Hochdruckgläsern die außerordentlich rasche Abkühlung der Flädle. Weitere Anzeichen dafür können aus ihrem Oxydationsverhalten gewonnen werden. Die Flädle waren nach ihrem zum Teil 20 km langen Flug durch die Luft beim Aufprall bereits erkaltet.Lage und Ausbildung des Randwulstes, des schlierenreichen Außensaumes, die Einregelung der Blasen und die Striemung der Oberfläche zeigen, daß die Fluggeschwindigkeiten so groß waren, daß typische Ablationserscheinungen auftraten. Diese sind bis jetzt von vulkanischen Ereignissen unbekannt.Horizontale Einregelung der, Flädle, gleichbleibende Größenverhältnisse sowie überraschend eintöniger Çhemismus der Gläser stellen einzelne Förderschlote sehr stark in Frage. Die ständige Unterlagerung von Bunter Bresche der heutigen Suevitvorkommen ist ein weiteres Anzeichen für eine einstmals mehr oder weniger zusammenhängende Suevitdecke. Die radialen Flugrichtungen deuten auf ein gemeinsames Förderzentrum hin, das mit dem eigentlichen Explosionszentrum zusammenfällt. Die Anwesenheit von Coesit, Stishovit, isotropisiertem Quarz und Feldspat sowie der neu gefundenen Hochdruckgläser sind Beweise dafür, daß die Suevite keiner vulkanischen Nachphase zugeordnet werden können, sondern unmittelbar zur Rieskatastrophe gestellt werden müssen. Die Suevite flogen unmittelbar nach der Bunten Bresche als letztes Produkt der eigentlichen Rieskatastrophe aus dem Explosionszentrum und vervollständigen im Ries das Bild der inversen Lagerung. Die inverse Lagerung ist zwar kein Beweis für die Impact-Theorie, aber dennoch sehr charakteristisch für Meteoritenkrater.Aus dem Fe/FeVerhältnis der Gläser gelang es, Anhaltspunkte über die hohen Schmelztemperaturen während der Rieskatastrophe zu erhalten (1500°). Die Beobachtungen vonEl Goresy ergaben sogar Temperaturen über 1700° C. WieEl Goresy richtig betonte, sind diese bei Vulkanen nicht zu erwarten und als übergeologisch zu betrachten.Zu den bisher bekannten Hochdruckindikatoren wurden die Hochdruckgläser mit erhöhter. Dichte und Lichtbrechung hinzugefügt. Wie Stishovit, Coesit, isotropisierter Quarz und Feldspat konnten auch sie in vulkanischen Gläsern bisher nicht nachgewiesen werden. Das Auftreten dieser Hochdruck-indikatoren ist nach wie vor das stärkste Argument für die Impact-Theorie.Die tektonische Lage des Rieskessels kann nicht als Gegenargument für die Meteoritentheorie angeführt werden, da selbst eine vollkommen intakte Albtafel für die Drucke, wie sie im Ries eindeutig nachgewiesen sind, ein viel zu schwaches Widerlager abgegeben hätte. Außerdem stellt das Fehlen von Tridymit und Cristobalit eine phreatische Sprengung in Frage.

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Mineralogical and geological investigations concerning the glasses of the Ries-Basin, S-Germany, were made in order to clear the question, whether this large circular depression is caused by volcanic explosion or meteorite impact.The Ries-glasses consist, without a doubt, of molten. crystalline basement rocks, which are in S-Germany covered by 600 m of mesozoik sediments. These glasses are embedded in the so called Suevit, an uncommon breccia of molten material, crystalline and sedimentary rocks. This Suevit is considered to be a proof for volcanic events in the Ries-Basin.The Ries-glasses (Riesbombs, Flädle) show typical aerodynamic shapes and influences of ablation, caused by such high flying velocity as is unknown for volcanic bombs.Through field studies and chemical analysis the old theory, that nearly each Suevit-occurrence belongs to a single pipe, seems to be refuted. The genesis of the Suevit is presumably the following: As the last product of the Ries-explosion, the Suevit flew out of the crater and covered., as a more or less coherent veil, the sedimentary Bunte Bresche. What we see today are only remains of this veil. The inverse layering of the sedimentary breccias is an old fact. In this way, the Suevit seems to complete the inverse layering of all Ries-breccias.Melting experiments show, that the Ries basement rocks were heated rapidly and then cooled instantly. The quenching of the Ries-melt has been confirmed by different observations.The monoton chemism of the Ries-glasses from different localities demonstrates, that a homogeneous basement complex was molten, presumably a gneisic one. Through the Fe/Fe. ratio of glasses and crystalline inclusions we get a hint about the temperatures during the Ries-catastrophe (about 1500°C). Ni- and Co-contents arc neither pro nor Contra an impact origin.By remelting the Ries-glasses, real high-presure-glasses were found, which are a further proof for the very high pressures during the Ries-explosion. They arc together with coesite, stishovite, isotropic quartz and felspar the strongest argument for the impact origin.These investigations and some considerations to volcanic arguments lead us to the conclusion, that the Ries-basin was caused by meteorite impact.

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Mineral chemistry of gersdorffite – A powerful tool in the differentiation of hydrothermal systems     

Udo Harms 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2010,70(2):175-184

Gersdorffite from two mineralization types (post-Variscan vein deposits, strata-bound mineralization) was investigated in the Niederberg area Rhenish Massif. In the ternary Ni–Co–Fe space gersdorffite from post-Variscan vein deposits displays a tight cluster with the highest Ni-contents ranging from 0.825 to 0.962 atoms per formula unit (a.p.f.u.). As/S ratios comprise a narrow range from 0.875 to 1.012. In contrast gersdorffite from the strata-bound mineralization displays a substitutional trend. Co and Fe substitute for Ni in a ± fixed ratio. Ni ranges between 0.494 and 0.836 a.p.f.u. As/S ratios (1.025–1.211) display a wider range and indicate higher As-contents relative to gersdorffite from post-Variscan vein deposits. Based on these results, two different hydrothermal fluid systems can be identified in the Niederberg area forming gersdorffite in both mineralization types. The hydrothermal fluids circulating in the post-Variscan vein deposits were homogeneous (high Ni-activities, lower As fugacities) and mixing occurred far away from the site of deposition whereas the fluids of the strata-bound mineralization were more heterogeneous (decreasing Ni-activities) with moderate elevated As fugacities. With respect to the post-Variscan vein deposits in the Niederberg area the results are compatible with earlier findings.Comparison with available gersdorffite analyses from adjacent areas (borehole Viersen, Ramsbeck deposit) reveal that gersdorffite compositions provide a reliable tool in distinguishing between different hydrothermal systems on a regional scale in the northern Rhenish Massif. However, gersdorffite compositions cannot be used to discriminate between Variscan and post-Variscan deposits with confidence.The country rocks in the Niederberg area are possible sources for Ni, Co and Fe during gersdorffite formation of the strata-bound mineralization. However, due to the remarkable homogeneity of gersdorffite compositions of the post-Variscan vein deposits irrespective of age and composition of the immediate adjacent host-rocks it is assumed that these host-rocks are not the source of the metals. Reduced Zechstein sulfate is assumed to be the source of sulfur. The As source remains unknown.Due to conflicting experimental data concerning the gersdorffite solid solution field it is not possible to derive reliable formation temperatures for the strata-bound mineralization. However, gersdorffite compositions of the post-Variscan vein deposits are compatible with low formation temperatures (<300 °C) in accordance with earlier findings.  相似文献