Biogeochemistry and carbon mass balance of a coccolithophore bloom in the northern Bay of Biscay (June 2006)     

J. Harlay  L. ChouC. De Bodt  N. Van OostendeJ. Piontek  K. SuykensA. Engel  K. SabbeS. Groom  B. DelilleA.V. Borges 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2011,58(2):111-127

Primary production (PP), calcification (CAL), bacterial production (BP) and dark community respiration (DCR) were measured along with a set of various biogeochemical variables, in early June 2006, at several stations at the shelf break of the northern Bay of Biscay. The cruise was carried out after the main spring diatom bloom that, based on the analysis of a time-series of remotely sensed chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), peaked in mid-April. Remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST) indicated the occurrence of enhanced vertical mixing (due to internal tides) at the continental slope, while adjacent waters on the continental shelf were stratified, as confirmed by vertical profiles of temperature acquired during the cruise. The surface layer of the stratified water masses (on the continental shelf) was depleted of inorganic nutrients. Dissolved silicate (DSi) levels probably did not allow significant diatom development. We hypothesize that mixing at the continental slope allowed the injection of inorganic nutrients that triggered the blooming of mixed phytoplanktonic communities dominated by coccolithophores (Emiliania huxleyi) that were favoured with regards to diatoms due to the low DSi levels. Based on this conceptual frame, we used an indicator of vertical stratification to classify the different sampled stations, and to reconstruct the possible evolution of the bloom from the onset at the continental slope (triggered by vertical mixing) through its development as the water mass was advected on-shelf and stratified. We also established a carbon mass balance at each station by integrating in the photic layer PP, CAL and DCR. This allowed computation at each station of the contribution of PP, CAL and DCR to CO₂ fluxes in the photic layer, and how they changed from one station to another along the sequence of bloom development (as traced by the stratification indicator). This also showed a shift from net autotrophy to net heterotrophy as the water mass aged (stratified), and suggested the importance of extracellular production of carbon to sustain the bacterial demand in the photic and aphotic layers.  相似文献   

P-T paths and tectonic evolution of shear zones separating high-grade terrains from cratons: examples from Kola Peninsula (Russia) and Limpopo Region (South Africa)     

L. L. Perchuk  T. V. Gerya  D. D. Van Reenen  C. A. Smit  A. V. Krotov 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2000,69(1-2):109-142

Summary ?The petrology and P-T evolution of mica schists from two regional scale tectonic (shear) zones that separate high grade terrains (“mobile belts”) from cratons are described. These are the 2.4–1.9 Ga Tanaelv Belt, a suture zone that separates the Lapland granulite complex from the Karelian craton (Kola Peninsula–Fennoscandia), and the 2.69 Ga Hout River Shear Zone that separates the > 2.9 Ga Kaapvaal craton from the 2.69 Ga South Marginal Zone of the Limpopo high-grade terrain (South Africa). Two metamorphic zones are identified in strongly deformed mica schists from the 1.9 Ga Korva Tundra Group of the Tanaelv belt: (1) a chlorite-staurolite zone tectonically overlaying gneisses of the Karelian craton, and (2) a kyanite-biotite zone tectonically underlying garnet amphibolites of the Tanaelv Belt, which are in tectonic contact with the Lapland granulite complex. The prograde reaction Chl+St+Ms ↠ Ky+Bt+Qtz+H₂O clearly defines a boundary between zones (1) and (2). Rotated garnet porphyroblasts from zone (1) contain numerous inclusions (Otz, Chl, Ms), and show clear Mg/Fe chemical zoning, suggesting garnet growth during prograde metamorphism. The metamorphic peak, T = 650°C and P = 7.5 kbar, is recorded in the kyanite-biotite zone and characterized by unzoned snowball garnet. In many samples of mica schists euhedral garnet porphyroblasts of the retrograde stage are completely devoid of mineral inclusions while N _Mg decreases from core to rim, indicating a decrease in P-T from 650°C, 7.5 kbar to 530°C, 5 kbar. The Hout River Shear Zone (South Africa) shows metamorphic zonation from greenschists through epidote amphibolites to garnet amphibolites. Rare strongly deformed mica schists (Chl+Grt+Pl+Ms+Bt+Qtz) occur as thin layers among epidote-amphibolites only. Garnet porphyroblasts in the schists are similar to that of the Tanaelv Belt recording a prograde P-T path with peak conditions of T = 600°C and P∼ 5.5 kbar. The retrograde stage is documented by the continuous reaction Prp+2Ms+Phl ↠ 6Qtz+3East recording a minimum T = 520°C and P ∼ 3.3 kbar. Similar narrow clock-wise P-T loops recorded in mica schists from both studied shear zones suggest similarities in the geodynamic history of both shear zones under consideration.

---

Zusammenfassung ?P-T Pfade und tektonische Entwicklung von Scherzonen, die hochgradige Terranes von Kratonen trennen: Zwei Beispiele von der Halbinsel Kola (Russland) und der Limpopo-Region (Südafrika) Die Petrologie und P-T Entwicklung von Glimmerschiefern aus zwei regionalen tektonischen Scherzonen, die hochgradige Terranes (“mobile belts”) von Kratonen trennen, werden beschrieben. Diese sind der 2.4−1.9 Ga Tanaev Belt, eine Suturzone, die die Lappland Granulite vom karelischen Pluton (Halbinsel Kola - Fennoskandien) trennt, sowie die 2.69 Ga Hout River Shear Zone, die den > 2.9 Ga Kaapvaal Kraton von der 2.69 Ga South Marginal Zone des hochgradigen Limpopo Terranes (Südafrika) trennt. Zwei metamorphe Zonen sind in stark deformierten Glimmerschiefern der 1.9 Ga Korva Tundra Group zu unterscheiden: (1) eine Chlorit-Staurolith-Zone, die den Gneisen des karelischen Kratons auflagert, und (2) eine Kyanit-Biotit-Zone, die die Granatamphibolite des Tanaev Belt unterlagert und in tektonischem Kontakt mit dem Lappland Granulitkomplex steht. Die prograde Reaktion Chl+St+Ms ↠ Ky+Bt+Qtz+H₂O trennt die beiden Zonen. Rotierte Granatporphyroblasten aus der Zone (1) enthalten zahlreiche Einschlüsse (Qtz, Chl, Ms) und zeigen eine Mg/Fe Zonierung, die Granatwachstum w?hrend des prograden Metamorphosestadiums nahelegen. Der Metamorphoseh?hepunkt (650°C, 7.5 kbar) wurde in der Kyanit-Biotit-Zone erreicht und ist durch nicht zonierte Schneeballgranate charakterisiert. In vielen Glimmerschieferproben sind die euhedralen Granatporphyroblasten des retrograden Stadiums vollkommen einschlu?frei und N _Mg nimmt vom Kern zum Rand hin ab. Das zeigt eine Abnahme der P-T Bedingungen von 650°C, 7.5 kbar auf 530°C, 5 kbar an. Die Hout River Shear Zone in Südafrika zeigt eine metamorphe Zonierung von Grünschiefern, über Epidotamphibolite zu Granatamphiboliten. Selten kommen stark deformierte Glimmerschiefer (Chl+Grt+Pl+Ms+Bt+Qtz) als dünne Lagen zwischen den Epidotamphiboliten vor. Die Granatporphyroblasten sind ?hnlich wie die aus dem Tanaev Belt und belegen eine prograde P-T Entwicklung mit Peak-Bedingungen von 600°C und ≈ 5.5 kbar. Das retrograde Stadium ist durch die kontinuierliche Reaktion Prp+2Ms+Phl ↠ 6Qtz+3East mit minimal 530°C und ≈ 3.3 kbar dokumentiert. Die sehr ?hnlichen P-T Pfade der Glimmerschiefer belegen ?hnlichkeiten in der geodynamischen Geschichte der beiden bearbeiteten Scherzonen.

---

---

Received January 29, 1999;/revised version accepted August 10, 1999  相似文献   

A simple non‐linear analytical relationship between aerosol accumulation number and sub‐micron volume, explaining their observed ratio in the clean and polluted marine boundary layer     

Rita Van Dingenen  Aki O. Virkkula  Frank Raes  Timothy S. Bates  Alfred Wiedensohler 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2000,52(2):439-451

We propose an analytical expression for the relation between aerosol accumulation number and sub‐micron volume over the marine boundary layer (MBL), based on a simple balance equation. By providing appropriate source and sink terms which account for entrainment, coagulation, in‐cloud scavenging and condensational growth, the model is able to reproduce the observed ratio between MBL particles larger than 80 nm diameter (as a proxy for accumulation mode number) and submicron aerosol volume, from freshly polluted to background conditions. Entrainment and coagulation are essential in predicting the observed ratio. Budget and lifetime calculations show that, due to relatively low source rates of oceanic non‐sea‐salt‐sulfate and sea‐salt, the anthropogenic signature in aerosol volume remains significant even after 8 days of MBL transport.  相似文献   

A high‐resolution multi‐proxy stalagmite record from Mechara,Southeastern Ethiopia: palaeohydrological implications for speleothem palaeoclimate reconstruction     

Asfawossen Asrat  Andy Baker  Mohammed Umer Mohammed  Melanie J. Leng  Peter Van Calsteren  Claire Smith 《第四纪科学杂志》2007,22(1):53-63

An annually laminated stalagmite from Southeastern Ethiopia grew for 443±8 yr starting at 5023 yr BP (±160 yr) as determined by lamina‐tuned U‐Th dating. The speleothem shows three growth phases: (1) an initial phase where the stalagmite has a candlestick shape, deposited by relatively slow rate drip water; (2) a middle growth phase where laminae grow on the flanks, suggesting faster drip rates; and (3) a final growth phase where the speleothem becomes narrower owing to a decrease in drip water supply towards the end of deposition. Morphometry, annual growth rate, fluorescence index, and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U isotope ratio show marked differences between the growth phases, while δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O do not show significant variation, except within the third phase towards the top of the stalagmite, where they have higher values. The study indicates that the multiproxy approach is crucial as the different proxies respond to single climate forcing in different manners. Our results can be widely applied to speleothem studies distinguishing the relative importance of the various proxies in recording cave ‘external’ (climate, hydrology) and cave ‘internal’ (e.g. evaporation) processes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

An embedded exponentially fitted Runge–Kutta–Nyström method for the numerical solution of orbital problems     

Hans Van de Vyver   《New Astronomy》2006,11(8):577-587

A new embedded pair of explicit exponentially fitted Runge–Kutta–Nyström methods is constructed. The methods integrate exactly systems of differential equations whose solutions are linear combinations of the functions from the set {exp(μt), exp(−μt)} (). The pair has four stages and algebraic orders five and three. An application to some well-known orbital problem shows that the new pair is very competitive when it is compared with high-quality codes proposed in the scientific literature.  相似文献   

Modeling and distance determination of planetary nebulae     

Peter A. M. Van Hoof  Griet C. Van De Steene 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1996,243(1):83-86

The monthly probability of occurrence of southward (B _z ^– ) component of IMF estimated independent of the sector polarity observed near earth is found to change with the magnitude of solar wind velocity. The above analysis is done for each month during two years around sunspot minima and maxima in cycle 21. The results will be interpreted in terms of association of southwardB _z events with solar wind flows of distinct solar origin such as low and high speed solar wind.  相似文献   

Late Weichselian fluvio‐aeolian sands and coversands of the type locality Grubbenvorst (southern Netherlands): sedimentary environments,climate record and age     

C. Kasse  D. Vandenberghe  F. De Corte  P. Van Den Haute 《第四纪科学杂志》2007,22(7):695-708

The Weichselian Late Pleniglacial and Lateglacial aeolian stratigraphy (Older Coversand I, Beuningen Gravel Bed, Older Coversand II, Younger Coversand I, Usselo Soil, Younger Coversand II) in the southern Netherlands has been reinvestigated in its type locality (Grubbenvorst). Sedimentary environments have been reconstructed and related to their climatic evolution based on periglacial structures. In addition, 22 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages have been determined that provide an absolute chronology for the climatic evolution and environmental changes of the coversand area. From this work it appears that, prior to 25 ka fluvial deposition by the Maas dominated. After 25 ka fluvial activity reduced and deposition occurred in a fluvio‐aeolian environment with continuous permafrost (Older Coversand I). This depositional phase was dated between 25.2 ± 2.0 and 17.2 ± 1.2 ka. The upward increase of aeolian activity and cryogenic structures in this unit is related to an increase of climatic aridity and a decrease in sedimentation rate during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The Beuningen Gravel Bed, that results from deflation with polar desert conditions and that represents a stratigraphic marker in northwestern Europe, was bracketed between 17.2 ± 1.2 and 15.3 ± 1.0 ka. Based on this age result a correlation with Heinrich event H1 is suggested. Permafrost degradation occurred at the end of this period. Optical ages for the Older Coversand II unit directly overlying the Beuningen Gravel Bed range from 15.3 ± 1.0 ka at the base to 12.7 ± 0.9 ka at the top. Thus this regionally important Older Coversand II unit started at the end of the Late Pleniglacial and continued throughout the early Lateglacial. Its formation after the Late Pleniglacial (LP) maximum cold and its preservation are related to rapid climatic warming around 14.7 ka cal. BP. The Allerød age of the Usselo Soil was confirmed by the optical ages. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effects of ice-front collapse and flood generation on a proglacial river channel near kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord), west greenland     

Andrew J. Russell  Frank G. M. Van Tatenhove  Roderik S. W. Van De Wal 《水文研究》1995,9(2):213-226

  相似文献   

Radio emission from supernovae and gamma-ray bursters and the need for the SKA     

Kurt W. Weiler  Schuyler D. Van Dyk  Richard A. Sramek  Nino Panagia   《New Astronomy Reviews》2004,48(11-12):1377

  相似文献   

Palaeomagnetism and age of mid-Palaeozoic ring complexes in Niger, West Africa, and tectonic implications     

R. B. Hargraves  E. M. Dawson  F. B. Van  Houten 《Geophysical Journal International》1987,90(3):705-729

  相似文献