Inputs,transformations, and transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chesapeake Bay and selected tributaries   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

W. R. Boynton  J. H. Garber  R. Summers  W. M. Kemp 《Estuaries and Coasts》1995,18(1):285-314

In this paper we assemble and analyze quantitative annual input-export budgets for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for Chesapeake Bay and three of its tributary estuaries (Potomac, Patuxent, and Choptank rivers). The budgets include estimates of TN and TP sources (point, diffuse, and atmospheric), internal losses (burial in sediments, fisheries yields, and denitrification), storages in the water column and sediments, internal cycling rates (zooplankton excretion and net sediment-water flux), and net downstream exchange. Annual terrestrial and atmospheric inputs (average of 1985 and 1986 data) of TN and TP ranged from 4.3 g TN m^?2 yr^?1 to 29.3 g TN m^?2 yr^?1 and 0.32 g TP m^?2 yr^?1 to 2.42 g TP m^?2 yr^?1, respectively. These rates of TN and TP input represent 6-fold to 8-fold and 13-fold to 24-fold increases in loads to these systems since the precolonial period. A recent 11-yr record for the Susquehanna River indicates that annual loads of TN and TP have varied by about 2-fold and 4-fold, respectively. TN inputs increased and TP inputs decreased during the 11-yr period. The relative importance of nutrient sources varied among these estuaries: point sources of nutrients delivered about half the annual TN and TP load to the Patuxent and nearly 60% of TP inputs to the Choptank; diffuse sources contributed 60–70% of the TN and TP inputs to the mainstream Chesapeake and Potomac River. The direct deposition of atmospheric wet-fall to the surface waters of these estuaries represented 12% or less of annual TN and TP loads except in the Choptank River (37% of TN and 20% of TP). We found direct, although damped, relationships between annual rates of nutrient input, water-column and sediment nutrient stocks, and nutrient losses via burial in sediments and denitrification. Our budgets indicate that the annual mass balance of TN and TP is maintained by a net landward exchange of TP and, with one exception (Choptank River), a net seaward transport of TN. The budgets for all systems revealed that inorganic nutrients entering these estuaries from terrestrial and atmospheric sources are rapidly converted to particulate and organic forms. Discrepancies between our budgets and others in the literature were resolved by the inclusion of sediments derived from shoreline erosion. The greatest potential for errors in our budgets can be attributed to the absence of or uncertainties in estimates of atmospheric dry-fall, contributions of nutrients via groundwater, and the sedimentation rates used to calculate nutrient burial rates.  相似文献   

On the use of resistance envelopes to identify the controls on slope stability in the tropics     

M. G. Anderson  M. J. Kemp  J. M. Shen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1987,12(6):637-648

In tropical and sub-tropical slopes, soil suction may in certain circumstances play a role in maintaining slope stability. Resistance envelope methods are outlined that provide a means of assessing the threshold soil water conditions for stability. In addition, this technique enables the likely failure depth to be identified. Application to slopes in St. Lucia, West Indies, show the accordance of resistance envelope predictions with stability analysis results. A methodology for the geomorphological investigation of stability processes in tropical slopes is proposed.  相似文献   

Temporal responses of the macrophyte,Potamogeton perfoliatus L., and its associated autotrophic community to atrazine exposure in estuarine microcosms     

Cunningham  J. J.  Kemp  W. M.  Lewis  M. R.  Stevenson  J. C. 《Estuaries and Coasts》1984,7(4):519-530

Estuaries and Coasts - Effects of the herbicide, atrazine, on the submersed vascular plant,Potamogeton perfoliatus, were monitored for 4 wk in 700 l microcosms containing water, sediments and...  相似文献   

Why GIS Professional Certification Matters To All of Us     

Karen K. Kemp 《Transactions in GIS》2003,7(2):159-163

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Microfabric analysis of Mn-carbonate laminae deposition and Mn-sulfide formation in the Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea     

Ian T BurkeAlan E.S Kemp 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2002,66(9):1589-1600

The manganese carbonate deposits of the anoxic Littorina sediments of the Gotland Deep have been commonly related to the periodic renewal of deep water by inflowing saline water from the North Sea. The use of scanning electron microscopy-based techniques allows identification of small-scale sedimentary and geochemical features associated with Mn-carbonate laminae, which has significant implications for models of Mn-carbonate formation. Varves occurring in the Littorina sequence contain up to four laminae that may be placed in a seasonal cycle, and kutnahorite laminae occur within varves only as a winter-early spring deposit. This kutnahorite laminae seasonality is in agreement with the seasonal distribution of major Baltic inflow events recorded in historical records, and a direct causal link between inflows and kutnahorite deposition is implied. Benthic foraminifera tests are found to be heavily encrusted in kutnahorite, implying that benthic recolonization during oxidation events occurs concurrently with kutnahorite formation. The relatively common occurrence of small (50 to 100 μm) hexagonal γ-Mn-sulfide pseudomorphs, associated with 13% of kutnahorite laminae studied, is reported in Gotland Deep sediments for the first time. Although Mn-sulfide crystals are not usually preserved in the sediment, the discovery of Mn-sulfide pseudomorphs suggests that initial formation of Mn-sulfide in the Gotland Deep may occur much more commonly during the process of kutnahorite formation than previous reports of Mn-sulfide occurrence have implied.  相似文献   

Field-scale Variations in Plant and Grasshopper Communities: A GIS-based Assessment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

William P. Kemp  Kevin M. O'Neill  Maria Marta Cigliano  & Sandra Torrusio 《Transactions in GIS》2002,6(2):115-133

GIS technology allowed us to examine species-specific occurrence and abundance patterns of important grassland herbivore species through the use of appropriate statistical methods and the superior spatial representation commonly available in existing GIS packages. The study was conducted on a 254 ha grassland area located 10 km south of Three Forks, Gallatin County, Montana, in the Agropyron spicatum province of the western steppe region of the U.S.A. From an ecological perspective, grasshopper species distribution and abundance patterns observed on a local, non-uniform landscape (2.6 km 2) were consistent with results found in other studies at the valley (≈1,400 km 2) and state-level (≈237,000 km 2) scales. Our observations at the local scale further demonstrate the importance of vegetation type and specific local stand physiognomies in structuring grasshopper populations. The application of results from studies conducted at various scales to the development of decision support tools for resource managers is also discussed.  相似文献   

The age and growth of hottentot seabream Pachymetopon blochii before and after the South African linefish state of emergency in 2000     

MW Farthing  AC Winkler  K Anderson  S Kerwath  C Wilke  WM Potts 《African Journal of Marine Science》2018,40(2):187-196

The hottentot seabream Pachymetopon blochii is a small-sized (maximum 2.67 kg) sparid endemic to southern Africa. It is an important target in South Africa's Western Cape traditional linefishery, particularly in the absence of more valuable pelagic species (such as Thyrsites atun and Seriola lalandi). In 2000, South Africa's linefishery was declared to be in a state of emergency, and commercial fishing effort was consequently reduced by 70%. A subsequent increase in stock biomass and intraspecific competition, coupled with environmental changes, were hypothesised to have thereafter altered the growth rate of hottentot, from 2000 to 2010. This study aimed to revise outdated age–growth models for the hottentot by using modern techniques (sectioned otoliths), and to compare age–growth relationships before and after the declared linefish state of emergency. The maximum age observed was 19 years, with no difference in the growth rate between sexes (p = 0.39–0.43) or time-periods (p = 0.96). Although the growth rate did not change, there is evidence that the age structure of the stock changed between time-periods as a result of changes in fishing pressure between 2000 and 2010. The enhanced recent growth model for hottentot, described as L_t = 418.063 (1 – e^{?0.104(t – [?4.709])}) (pooled sexes; n = 206), indicates a considerably slower growth rate for this species than was proposed previously using whole otoliths and has major implications for effective stock management.  相似文献   

Potential climate-change impacts on the Chesapeake Bay   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Raymond G. Najjar  Christopher R. Pyke  Mary Beth Adams  Denise Breitburg  Carl Hershner  Michael Kemp  Robert Howarth  Margaret R. Mulholland  Michael Paolisso  David Secor  Kevin Sellner  Denice Wardrop  Robert Wood 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

We review current understanding of the potential impact of climate change on the Chesapeake Bay. Scenarios for CO₂ emissions indicate that by the end of the 21^st century the Bay region will experience significant changes in climate forcings with respect to historical conditions, including increases in CO₂ concentrations, sea level, and water temperature of 50–160%, 0.7–1.6 m, and 2–6 °C, respectively. Also likely are increases in precipitation amount (very likely in the winter and spring), precipitation intensity, intensity of tropical and extratropical cyclones (though their frequency may decrease), and sea-level variability. The greatest uncertainty is associated with changes in annual streamflow, though it is likely that winter and spring flows will increase. Climate change alone will cause the Bay to function very differently in the future. Likely changes include: (1) an increase in coastal flooding and submergence of estuarine wetlands; (2) an increase in salinity variability on many time scales; (3) an increase in harmful algae; (4) an increase in hypoxia; (5) a reduction of eelgrass, the dominant submerged aquatic vegetation in the Bay; and (6) altered interactions among trophic levels, with subtropical fish and shellfish species ultimately being favored in the Bay. The magnitude of these changes is sensitive to the CO₂ emission trajectory, so that actions taken now to reduce CO₂ emissions will reduce climate impacts on the Bay. Research needs include improved precipitation and streamflow projections for the Bay watershed and whole-system monitoring, modeling, and process studies that can capture the likely non-linear responses of the Chesapeake Bay system to climate variability, climate change, and their interaction with other anthropogenic stressors.  相似文献   

Sedimentary aspects of the upper proterozoic sequences in northwestern Saudi Arabia     

J. Kemp 《Precambrian Research》1978,6(1):A29-A30

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Is silt the most influential soil grain size fraction?     

S.A. Parry  M.E. Hodson  E.H. Oelkers  S.J. Kemp 《Applied Geochemistry》2011

The contribution of individual grain size fractions (2000–500, 500–250, 250–63, 63–2 and < 2 μm) to bulk soil surface area and reactivity is discussed with reference to mineralogical and oxalate and dithionite extractions data. The 63–2 μm fraction contributed up to 56% and 67% of bulk soil volume and BET surface area, respectively. Consideration of these observations and the mineralogy of this fraction suggest that the 63–2 μm fraction may be the most influential for the release of elements via mineral dissolution in the bulk soil.  相似文献