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11.
青藏高原中南部地区有着丰富的地热资源,其中羊八井地区存在着温度高达93℃以上,热流值高达364mW/m2的地热奇观.本文利用国际以及中国地震台网资料,详细分析了青藏高原中南部地震活动性和岩石圈脆性破裂深度范围,进而讨论了高地热异常区的岩石圈应力场背景及其动力学机制.研究结果表明,青藏高原地热异常区有高于高原内部平均活动水平的震级为6级左右的中强地震活动,其震中分布呈现出与地热活动相似的、沿近南北向断陷带的带状特征;并且在高热流区域内有高原内部罕见的中深地震活动,地震震源从100km左右深处到地表呈现柱状地震群活动的空间分布等特征.震源机制与应力场研究结果表明,虽然高原中南部应力场主压、主张应力方向与青藏高原的整体特征相符,但是地震发生类型与青藏高原周缘的挤压逆断层型地震完全不同,均属于东西向扩张力作用下的正断层型地震活动,特别是在羊八井高热流区域附近,东西向扩张应力场在岩石圈应力场中起到主导性作用,推测其控制深度可达岩石圈底部100多公里处.青藏高原地热异常区在强烈的近东西向扩张应力场作用下,岩石圈东西向扩张并发生一系列的大规模正断层活动,致使深部软流圈高温热流可以沿着活动正断层及其形成的深裂隙上涌,穿过岩石圈到达地表面,形成了高地热异常区. 相似文献
12.
Yuzo Obara Tomoharu Nakayama Katsuhiko Sugawara Toshiro Aoki Hyun Kuk Jang 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1992,16(10):701-716
A two-dimensional hybrid method for solving elastoplastic problems in engineering is presented by coupling two existing methods, namely, the boundary element method and the characteristics method. The formulation of this method is presented, as well as an excellent procedure for the determination of the boundary between elastic and plastic regions. It is shown not only that this method is a powerful and accurate method for evaluating the shape and extent of the plastic region around rock caverns, which is of prime importance for the construction of rock caverns, but also applicable to a given range of the initial stress field ratio where only compressive failure occurs. Then, some typical examples are solved in order to check the accuracy of the solution by this method. Furthermore, its successful applications are presented and discussed to determine the shape and the extent of the plastic regions around parallel, circular and rectangular openings. 相似文献
13.
Abdolreza Bahremand Sajad Ahmadyousefi Vahedberdi Sheikh Chooghi Bairam Komaki 《水文研究》2021,35(1):e13992
Hydrologic models are simplified representations of natural hydrologic systems. Since these models rely on assumptions and simplifications to capture some aspects of hydrological processes, calibration of parameters is unavoidable. However, utilizing the philosophy of a recent modelling framework proposed by Bahremand (2016), we show how calibration of most model parameters can be avoided by allocating or presetting these parameters utilizing knowledge gained from sensitivity analyses, field observations and a priori specifications as a part of a parameter allocation procedure. This paper details the simulation of daily river flow of the Shemshak-Roudak watershed performed using the Python version of the WetSpa model. The WetSpa-Python model is a distributed model of hydrological processes applied at the watershed scale. The model was applied to the Shemshak-Roudak watershed of Iran with parameter allocation. Model calibration involved only two parameters. Straightforward methods were proposed for allocating model parameters, including three baseflow-related parameters and the determination of maximum active groundwater storage using a mass curve technique. Also, the Budyko curve was used to constrain a correction factor for potential evapotranspiration. The WetSpa-Python model was extended to include the influence of snowmelt. A failure to include snow in the hydrological processes of the WetSpa-Python model creates a significant discrepancy between the observed and simulated hydrographs during the spring. The results of daily simulations for 12 years (2002–2014) are in good agreement with observations of discharge (Kling-Gupta Efficiency = 0.84). These results demonstrate that it is feasible to simulate hydrographs with limited calibration given a knowledge of hydrological processes and an understanding of relationships between catchment characteristics and model parameters. 相似文献
14.
SummaryUndrained Shear Testing of Jointed Rock Water pressures must change inside joints undergoing shear without perfect drainage. This paper describes a new direct shear machine in which jacketed samples with oriented joints can be tested under consolidated undrained conditions with pore pressure measurement. Triaxial compression techniques for such tests are also described and typical results with intact and jointed sandstone samples are compared with results from the direct shear tests. Whereas intact specimens displayed increasing pore pressure followed by dilatancy and pore pressure decline before peak loading, the pore pressure in jointed specimens continued increasing right up to the peak load.
With 11 Figures 相似文献
ZusammenfassungScherversuche an klüftigen Gesteinen ohne Dränung Wasserdruck in Klüften muß sich verändern, wenn ohne perfekte Dränage Scherkraft ausgeübt wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein neuer, direkt wirkender Scherapparat beschrieben, in welchem ummantelte Prüfkörper mit gerichteten Klüften unter Konsolidationsbedingungen ohne Dränage untersucht werden können, wobei der Porendruck gemessen wird. Es wird außerdem die Technik von Triaxialversuchen beschrieben und typische Ergebnisse mit ungestörtem und geklüftetem Sandstein werden mit Ergebnissen aus direkten Scherversuchen verglichen. Während ungestörte Proben steigenden Porendruck, gefolgt von Dilatanz, aufweisen und der Porendruck vor der Höchstbelastung nachläßt, nimmt derselbe in geklüfteten Proben bis zur Höchstbelastung ständig zu.
RésuméEssais de cisaillement non drainé sur des échantillons de roche contenant une discontinuité Les pressions interstitielles à l'intérieur des discontinuités doivent changer lorsqu'elles sont soumises au cisaillement et que le drainage n'est pas parfait. Cet article décrit une nouvelle machine pour essais de cisaillement direct permettant de tester, dans des conditions de consolidation non drainée, des échantillons de roche gainés comportant une discontinuité d'orientation déterminée. La machine permet la mesure de la pression interstitielle.L'article décrit également les techniques de compression triaxiale correspondantes et des résultats typiques obtenus sur des échantillons de grès intact ou traversé par un joint sont comparés à ceux provenant des essais de cisaillement direct. Alors que les échantillons de roche intacte montrent un accroissement de la pression interstitielle suivi de dilatance et d'une réduction de pression avant que la contrainte de cisaillement maximum ne soit atteinte, la pression interstitielle dans les échantillons contenant une discontinuité croît jusqu'au droit de la contrainte de cisaillement maximum.
With 11 Figures 相似文献
15.
H. Anawar K. Komaki J. Akai J. Takada T. Ishizuka T. Takahashi T. Yoshioka K. Kato 《Environmental Geology》2002,41(7):816-825
A stratigraphic profile of solid phase As was measured to investigate the diagenetic cycling of arsenic and related elements in fluvial sediments of the Meghna River delta plain. The distributions of Fe, Mn, and Al are typically characterized by surficial solid phase enrichment, and As is distributed down to 36.6 m showing similar alternate layers of maxima and minima with Fe, Mn and TOC, which reflects the diagenetic remobilization and periodical differences in source materials of As. Lithological characteristics and geochemical data suggest that elevated levels of As are found in organic-matter-rich clay and silty sand rather than sand samples, with occasionally enriched As content in iron-oxyhydroxide-coated sand grains. Arsenic demonstrates a positive and significant co-variation with total organic carbon in sediments, which suggests the important role of particulate and colloidal organic matter and biological activity in controlling the distribution of arsenic in the Bengal delta. However, the concentrations of Fe and Mn weakly correlate with As contents, whereas Al contents show no relationship with As. The results of this study suggest that reactive oxides or hydroxides of Fe and Mn, rather than Fe and Mn with other minerals, might control arsenic distribution. 相似文献
16.
Crustal thermal regime inferred from magnetic anomaly data and its relationship to seismogenic layer thickness: The Japanese islands case study 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The seismogenic layer thickness correlates with surface heat flow beneath the Japanese islands. However, this correlation is shown at restricted area, where seismic activity is high. In order to overcome this spatial limitation, we used another approach to estimate the regional thermal structure in the crust beneath the Japanese islands with more uniform coverage. The bottom depths of the magnetized crust determined from the spectral analysis of residual magnetic anomalies is generally interpreted as the level of the Curie point isotherm. We applied this method to estimate the crustal thermal structure in square windows of 2.125° × 2.125°. The obtained depths ranging from 11 to 30 km with average value of 18 km, correlate with the seismogenic layer thickness. It suggests that the Curie point depth is a useful indicator of the crustal thermal structure in these regions. 相似文献
17.
裂隙岩体一般块体理论初步 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
本文在前人工作的基础上提出了一种通用方法解决任意大小裂隙、任意形状工程岩体的岩石块体识别及稳定性计算问题。在这一方法中裂隙既可以是实测裂隙也可以是通过随机模拟方法生成的随机裂隙,工程岩体可以是任意由多面体组合成的形状,如复杂边坡或地下洞室,而且岩体和裂隙面可以是非均质的。这一通用过程被称为一般块体理论。它克服了关键块体理论(或楔形体法)中存在的弱点:即把裂隙假设为无限大的不连续面,因此无法预测岩石块体的数量和位置,而且一般只能识别出简单形状的凸形体。它在块体识别的同时将复杂的块体分解为几个简单的凸形块体,从而使复杂块体的几何描述、体积及重力计算、力学分析、可视化表示等一系列问题大大简化。在对一公路边坡的裂隙进行了详细观测之后,利用本文的方法进行了块体识别和稳定性分析,对本文的研究进行初步的验证。 相似文献
18.
Oxidation of iron and manganese ions is predominant in the oxygen-rich deep western boundary current (DWBC) within the Pacific Ocean. By the faster removal of particulate iron hydroxide and manganese oxide, densities of the particulate matters are considered to be lower in the DWBC than the interior region. To detect the density variation of suspended particles between the DWBC and interior regions, we analyzed echo intensity (EI) measured in the western North Pacific by hydrographic casts with a 300 kHz lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) in a whole water column. At depths greater than 3000 m (~ 3000 dbar), EI is almost uniformly low between 12°N and 30°N but peaks sharply from 30°N to 35°N to a maximum north of 35°N. EI is found to be anomalously low in the DWBC compared to the background distribution. The DWBC pathways are identifiable by the low EI and high dissolved oxygen concentration. EI data by LADCPs and other acoustic instruments may be used to observe the temporal variations of the DWBC pathways.
相似文献19.
The 1975 Haicheng M S7.3 earthquake affected whole Korean Peninsula and even Kyushu, Japan. In this paper isoseismal map of this earthquake was drawn for these areas by sorting out and analyzing data systematically collected, furthermore, the characteristics of the earthquake damage were discussed. In the northern Korean Peninsula, the intensity is V in great majority of this area except local area with intensity VI, and the damage is basically in accordance with typical characteristics of corresponding intensity grade. In the southern Korean Peninsula, the intensity is IV in large part of the area, however, in some big cities such as Seoul etc., not only high buildings shook strongly, but also some people appeared perceptions such as feeling dizzy and so on, and electrical service was interrupted on one or two districts because of transformer tripping. These phenomena could be caused by the effect of long-period wave generated from a large earthquake on far-field. 相似文献
20.
Coupled hydro‐mechanical processes in granular media represent the interaction between solid particles movement and fluid flow during external and/or internal loading. The processes attract attention in geotechnical engineering since they cause many disasters such as landslide, slope collapse, boiling/quicksand and soil liquefaction, etc. This study presents a numerical method combining discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) for mechanical calculation and finite element method for fluid flow simulation to model the interaction between solid particles' movement and fluid flow from microscopic point of view. The term of hydraulic pressure was newly formulated and introduced to the original DDA. The simplified examples are given to verify the new method, and the computational results correlate well with the theoretical calculations, further development is also considered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献