Hydrostatic equilibrium of a porous intracluster medium: implications for mass fraction and X-ray luminosity     

Adi Nusser  Joseph Silk 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,386(2):1013-1015

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Die Vereisung des Lilliehöökfjordes (Spitzbergen) in den Jahren 1941/42 und 1942/43     

Nusser  Franz 《Ocean Dynamics》1950,3(5-6):286-293

Ocean Dynamics - Die Eisbeobachtungen, die während der Überwinterungen 1941/42 und 1942/43 in dem Lilliehöökfjord gemacht wurden, werden mitgeteilt und daraus der Ablauf der...  相似文献   

Die Eisverhältnisse des Winters 1948/49 an den deutschen Küsten     

Franz Nusser 《Ocean Dynamics》1949,2(6):251-255

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Die Eisverhältnisse des Winters 1950/51 an den deutschen Küsten zwischen Ems und Trave     

Franz Nusser 《Ocean Dynamics》1952,5(4):196-199

Zusammenfassung Der Winter 1950/51 war ein mäßiger Eiswinter. Von den drei Kälteperioden dieses Winters hielt die erste am längsten an. Sie brachte deshalb auch das meiste Eis. Die letzte Kälteperiode trat erst im März auf und war nur von kurzer Dauer. Demgemäß war die Eisbildung in dieser Periode sehr gering.

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Ice conditions on the German coasts between the rivers Ems and Trave during the winter 1950/51

Summary The winter 1950/51 was a moderate ice winter. There were three cold periods in this winter, of which the first was the longest and, consequently, gave rise to the most intense ice formation. The last cold period did not occur before March and, being only short, brought in its train but little ice.

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Rapport sur les conditions des glaces sur les côtes allemandes entre l'Ems et le Trave pendant l'hiver 1950/51

Résumé Pendant l'hiver 1950/51 la formation des glaces n'était que médiocre. Il y avait trois périodes de froid dont la première durait le plus longtemps et donnait lieu à la formation la plus intensive des glaces observée pendant cet hiver. La dernière période de froid n'arrivait qu'en mars et étant de courte durée la formation des glaces en était insignifiant.

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The probability distribution function of the Lyman α transmitted flux from a sample of Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasars     

Vincent Desjacques  Adi Nusser  Ravi K. Sheth 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,374(1):206-219

We present a measurement of the probability distribution function (PDF) of the transmitted flux in the Lyman α (Lyα) forest from a sample of 3492 quasars included in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data release 3 (SDSS DR3). Our intention is to investigate the sensitivity of the Lyα flux PDF as measured from low-resolution and low signal-to-noise ratio data to a number of systematic errors such as uncertainties in the mean flux, continuum and noise estimate. The quasar continuum is described by the superposition of a power law and emission lines. We perform a power-law continuum fitting on a spectrum-by-spectrum basis, and obtain an average continuum slope of  α_ν= 0.59 ± 0.36  in the redshift range  2.5 < z < 3.5  . We take into account that the variation in the continuum indices increases the mean flux by 3 and 7 per cent at   z = 3  and 2.4, respectively, as compared to the values inferred with a single (mean) continuum slope. We compare our measurements to the PDF obtained with mock lognormal spectra, whose statistical properties have been constrained to match the observed Lyα flux PDF and power spectrum of high-resolution data. Using our power-law continuum fitting and the SDSS pipeline noise estimate yields a poor agreement between the observed and mock PDFs. Allowing for a break in the continuum slope and, more importantly, for residual scatter in the continuum level substantially improves the agreement. A decrease of ∼10–15 per cent in the mean quasar continuum with a typical rms variance at the 20 per cent level can account for the data, provided that the noise excess correction is no larger than ≲10 per cent.  相似文献   

New multiply-lensed galaxies identified in ACS/NIC3 observations of Cl0024+1654 using an improved mass model     

Adi Zitrin  Tom Broadhurst  Keiichi Umetsu  Dan Coe  Narciso Benítez  Begoña Ascaso  Larry Bradley  Holland Ford  James Jee  Elinor Medezinski  Yoel Rephaeli  Wei Zheng 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,396(4):1985-2002

We present an improved strong-lensing analysis of Cl0024+1654  ( z = 0.39)  using deep Hubble Space Telescope ( HST )/Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS)/NIC3 images, based on 33 multiply-lensed images of 11 background galaxies. These are found with a model that assumes mass approximately traces light, with a low-order expansion to allow for flexibility on large scales. The model is constrained initially by the well-known five-image system  ( z = 1.675)  and refined as new multiply-lensed systems are identified using the model. Photometric redshifts of these new systems are then used to constrain better the mass profile by adopting the standard cosmological relation between redshift and lensing distance. Our model requires only six free parameters to describe well all positional and redshift data. The resulting inner mass profile has a slope of  d log  M /d log  r ≃−0.55  , consistent with new weak-lensing measurements where the data overlap, at   r ≃ 200 kpc/ h ₇₀  . The combined profile is well fitted by a high-concentration Navarro, Frenk & White (NFW) mass profile,   C _vir∼ 8.6 ± 1.6  , similar to other well-studied clusters, but larger than predicted with standard Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM). A well-defined radial critical curve is generated by the model and is clearly observed at   r ≃ 12  arcsec, outlined by elongated images pointing towards the centre of mass. The relative fluxes of the multiply-lensed images are found to agree well with the modelled magnifications, providing an independent consistency check.  相似文献   

Zusammenhang zwischen Großwetterlage und Eisvorkommen an den deutschen Küsten     

Franz Nusser 《Ocean Dynamics》1958,11(5):185-194

Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen der Bildung von Grundlagen für eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Eisvorhersage wurden die Beziehungen zwischen den Großwettertypen bzw. Großwetterlagen und dem Eisvorkommen an den deutschen Küsten festgestellt. Untersucht wurden die Groß-wettertypen und Großwetterlagen der letzten sechzig Jahre in der für das Auftreten von Eis in Betracht kommenden Zeit vom 22. November bis 10. April. Neben den am häufigsten und für die Eisbildung ungünstigen Westlagen kommen Wetterlagen vor, die für die Eisbildung günstig sind. Die stärkste Eisbildung erfolgt bei Wetterlagen mit östlicher und nordöstlicher Strömung, besonders bei dem Vorhandensein eines Hochs über Fennoskandien. Es bestehen Beziehungen zwischen den einzelnen Eiswintertypen und der Häufigkeit der einzelnen Großwetterlagen. Eine Einschränkung der Großwetterlagen auf die Zeit: Eisvorbereitungszeit + Tage mit Eis — Eisabschmelzzeit läßt die eisgünstigen Wetterlagen von den eisungünstigen unterscheiden. Da es sehr schwierig ist, die Anteile der einzelnen Faktoren, die bei der Eisbildung wirksam sind, voneinander zu trennen, erscheint die Betrachtung der Wetterlagen als das Integral der einzelnen Faktoren für die praktische Eisvorhersage als ein einfacher und zuverlässiger Weg.

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Relations between general weather situations and ice occurrence on the German coasts

Summary The relations between general weather types or weather situations respectively and ice occurrence on the German coasts are studied for the purpose of establishing and compiling the fundamental facts of scientifically founded ice forecasting. Therefore, the general weather types and weather situations that occurred according to records of the last sixty years during the ice period from 22nd November to 10th April are investigated. In addition to the most frequently occurring weather situations with westerly winds, unfavourable to ice generation, there occur weather situations favouring it. The strongest ice generation is produced in the presence of weather situations characterized by easterly and north-easterly currents, in particular, when high pressure prevails over Fennoscandia. There exist relations between the frequency of different weather situations and the occurrence of different types of ice winters. A limitation of the general weather situations to the space of time: period of ice generation — days with ice — period of ice melting permits to separate weather situations favouring ice generation from those unfavourable to it. As it is difficult, to sort each of the factors according to its effectiveness with regard to ice generation, it seems to us that a simple and reliable means of practical ice forecasting consists in considering the weather situations as an integral comprising the various factors.

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Rapports entre les situations météorologiques générales et l'apparition des glaces sur les côtes allemandes

Résumé Les rapports qui existent entre les situations ou types météorologiques généraux et l'apparition des glaces de mer sur les côtes allemandes sont étudiés dans le but d'établir les éléments scientifiques de la prévision des glaces. Pour cette raison, les situations ou types météorologiques généraux qui se sont présentés selon les enregistrements des dernières soixante années pendant la période des glaces entre le 22 novembre et le 10 avril sont soumis à l'étude. Outre les situations météorologiques accompagnées de vents d'ouest, entravant la congélation, on rencontre des situations météorologiques activant la congélation. La plus forte congélation se produit en présence de situations météorologiques caractérisées par des courants d'est et de nord-est, en particulier, lorsqu'une aire de haute pression domine au-dessus de la Scandinave et la Finlande. Il existe des rapports entre la fréquence des diverses situations météorologiques générales et l'apparition des divers types «d'hivers aux glaces». La restriction des situations météorologiques générales à l'espace de temps: période de la congélation — journées aux glaces — période de la fusion des glaces permet de séparer les situations météorologiques activant la congélation de celles qui l'entravent. Comme il est très difficile, d'analyser chaque facteur par rapport à sa disposition d'activer la génération des glaces, il nous semble se présenter un moyen aussi simple que sûr, lorsqu'on considère, pour la prévision pratique, les situations météorologiques générales comme l'intégrale de divers facteurs.

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Vortrag, gehalten auf der Tagung der Eisdienste in Hamburg am 26. September 1956.  相似文献   

Instabilities of galactic discs in the presence of star formation     

Adi Nusser 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,361(3):977-982

We discuss the stability of galactic discs in which the energy of interstellar clouds is gained in encounters with expanding supernova (SN) remnants and lost in inelastic collisions. Energy gain and loss processes introduce a phase difference between the pressure and density perturbations, making discs unstable on small scales for several recipes of star formation. This is in contrast to the standard stability analysis in which small-scale perturbations are stabilized by pressure. In the limit of small scales, the dispersion relation for the growth rate reduces to that of thermal instabilities in a fluid without gravity. If instabilities lead to star formation, then our results imply a secondary mode of star formation that operates on small scales and feeds on the existence of a primary mode on intermediate scales. This may be interpreted as positive feedback. Further, the standard stability criterion on intermediate scales is significantly modified.  相似文献   

On the least action principle in cosmology     

Adi Nusser  Enzo Branchini 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,313(3):587-595

Given the present distribution of mass tracing objects in an expanding universe, we develop and test a fast method for recovering their past orbits using the least action principle. In this method, termed FAM for fast action minimization, the orbits are expanded in a set of orthogonal time basis functions satisfying the appropriate boundary conditions at the initial and final times. The conjugate gradient method is applied to locate the extremum of the action in the space of the expansion coefficients of the orbits. The treecode gravity solver routine is used for computing the gravitational field appearing in the action and the potential field appearing in the gradient of the action. The time integration of the Lagrangian is done using Gaussian quadratures. FAM allows us to increase the number of galaxies over previous numerical action principle implementations by more than one order of magnitude. For example, orbits for the 15 000 IRAS PSC z galaxies can be recovered in 12 000 CPU seconds on a 400-MHz DEC-Alpha machine. FAM can recover the present peculiar velocities of particles and the initial fluctuations field. It successfully recovers the flow field down to cluster scales, where deviations of the flow from the Zel'dovich solution are significant. We also show how to recover orbits from the present distribution of objects in redshift space by direct minimization of a modified action, without iterating the solution between real and redshift spaces.  相似文献   

Monitoring lensed starlight emitted close to the Galactic centre     

Adi Nusser  Tom Broadhurst 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,355(1):L6-L8

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