Rythmes de sédimentation dans le crétacé helvétique     

Albert Carozzi 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1951,39(1):177-195

A new method of sedimentary rocks investigation is proposed. It illustrates by means of curves the variations in both time and space of the main mineral and organic features. By combining them together in a logical way, it is possible to decipher the relations between sedimentation and the different factors governing it: depth, distance to shoreline, direction and strength of marine currents, biological and chemical conditions, tectonics and so on. Finally a paleogeographic classification of lithological facies is obtained.Some examples taken in the Cretaceous of the Swiss High Calcareous Alps are presented. The bathymetrical interpretation of their facies is in close agreement with the results of modern oceanographic investigations which have described in some cases very similar conditions.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine Interpretationsmethode der Sedimentgesteine wird dargestellt. Mittels Kurven warden die zeitlichen und räumlichen Variationen der wichtigsten mineralogischen und organischen Charaktere ausgedrückt. Die durch diese Kurven gelieferten Angaben werden unter sich in logischer Weise kombiniert und erlauben eine paläogeographische Klassifikation der verschiedenen lithologischen Einheiten. Hiermit ist es möglich, die Verbindungen zwischen der Sedimentation und den verschiedenen Faktoren, welche die letztere beeinflussen, herzustellen: Tiefe, Entfernung von der Küste, Richtung und Stärke der Strömungen, physikalisch-chemische Bedingungen, Tektonik usw. Es werden verschiedene Beispiele aus der helvetischen Kreide dargelegt. Die bathymetrische Interpretation ihrer lithologischen Fazies entspricht den neuesten Arbeiten der Ozeanographie, worin ähnliche aktuelle Bedingungen beschrieben sind.

  相似文献   

Thermal evolutions of the terrestrial planets   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Nafi Toksöz  Albert T. Hsui  David J. Johnston 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1978,18(3):281-320

The thermal evolution of the Moon, Mercury, Mars, Venus and hypothetical minor planets is calculated theoretically, taking into account conduction, solid-state convection, and differentiation. An assortment of geological, geochemical, and geophysical data is used to constrain both the present day temperatures and thermal histories of the planets' interiors. Such data imply that the planets were heated during or shortly after formation and that all the terrestrial planets started their differentiations early in their history. Initial temperatures and core formation play the most important roles in the early differentiation. The size of the planet is the primary factor in determining its present day thermal state. A planetary body with radius less than 1000 km is unlikely to reach melting given heat source concentrations similar to terrestrial values and in the absence of intensive early heating such as short half-life radioactive heating and inductive heating.Studies of individual planets are constrained by varying amounts of data. Most data exist for the Earth and Moon. The Moon is a differentiated body with a crust, a thick solid mantle and an interior region which may be partially molten. It is presently cooling rapidly and is relatively inactive tectonically.Mercury most likely has a large core. Thermal calculations indicate it may have a 500 km thick solid lithosphere, and the core may be partially molten if it contains some heat sources. If this is not the case, the planet's interior temperatures are everywhere below the melting curve for iron. The thermal evolution is dominated by core separation and the high conductivity of iron which makes up the bulk of Mercury.Mars, intermediate in size among the terrestrial planets, is assumed to have differentiated an Fe–FeS core. Differentiation and formation of an early crust is evident from Mariner and Viking observations. Theoretical models suggest that melting and differentiation of the mantle silicates has occurred at least up until 1 billion years ago. Present day temperature profiles indicate a relatively thick (250 km) lithosphere with a possible asthenosphere below. The core is molten.Venus is characterized as a planet similar to the Earth in many respects. Core formation probably occurred during the first billion years after the formation. Present day temperatures indicate a partially molten upper mantle overlain by a 100 km thick lithosphere and a molten Fe–Ni core. If temperature models are good indicators, we can expect that today, Venus has tectonic processes similar to the Earth's.Paper dedicated to Professor Hannes Alfvén on the occasion of his 70th birthday, 30 May 1978.  相似文献   

Using dual-isotope data to trace the origin and processes of dissolved sulphate: a case study in Calders stream (Llobregat basin,Spain)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Neus Otero  Àngels Canals  Albert Soler 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2007,13(2):109-126

Whereas most of the reported δ³⁴S values of dissolved sulphate are positive in the Llobregat basin, Calders stream, which is a tributary of the Llobregat River, is characterised by negative values. Stream waters, sampled monthly between 1997 and 1998, and quarterly in 1999, show an overall increase in δ³⁴S from −10‰ to 0‰, coupled with an increase in Na and Cl concentration. On the other hand, the oxygen isotopic composition of dissolved sulphate, δ¹⁸O, displayed an opposite trend with a slight decrease, from +9‰ to +6‰. Detailed sampling up stream in November 2000 indicated that, contrary to most of the surficial waters of the Llobregat basin with a δ³⁴S_SO4 mainly controlled by evaporites, in Calders stream, sulphate is derived from pyrite oxidation. The dual-isotope approach, coupled with chemical data, allowed us to identify the contribution of ³⁴S-rich sulphate effluents from anthropogenic sources, while mixing models, calculated between natural and anthropogenic sources, enabled us to estimate their contribution. Sudden increases of δ³⁴S and δ¹⁸O of dissolved sulphate in stream waters are believed to be caused by a sulphate reduction process related to oil spillage. The long-term enrichment in δ³⁴S, coupled with a decrease in δ¹⁸O_SO4, from Jan-97 to Aug-99, is interpreted as a progressive increase in the contribution of pig manure.  相似文献   

Near infrared photography for craniofacial anthropometric landmark measurement     

Albert K.  Chong  Renaud  Mathieu 《The Photogrammetric Record》2006,21(113):16-28

  相似文献   

Determination of bankfull discharge magnitude and frequency: comparison of methods on 16 gravel‐bed river reaches     

O. Navratil  M‐B. Albert  E. Hrouin  J‐M. Gresillon 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(11):1345-1363

Bankfull discharge is identified as an important parameter for studying river morphology, sediment motion, flood dynamics and their ecological impacts. In practice, the determination of this discharge and its hydrological characteristics is not easy, and a choice has to be made between several existing methods. To evaluate the impact of the choice of methods, five bankfull elevation definitions and four hydrological characterizations (determination of duration and frequency of exceedance applied to instantaneous or mean daily data) were compared on 16 gravel‐bed river reaches located in France (the catchment sizes vary from 10 km² to 1700 km²). The consistency of bankfull discharge estimated at reach scale and the hydraulic significance of the five elevation definitions were examined. The morphological definitions (Bank Inflection, Top of Bank) were found more relevant than the definitions based on a geometric criterion. The duration of exceedance was preferred to recurrence intervals (partial duration series approach) because it is not limited by the independency of flood events, especially for low discharges like those associated with the Bank Inflection definition. On average, the impacts of the choice of methods were very important for the bankfull discharge magnitude (factor of 1·6 between Bank Inflection and Top of Bank) and duration of exceedance or frequency (respectively a factor 1·8 and 1·9 between mean daily and instantaneous discharge data). The choice of one combination of methods rather than another can significantly modify the conclusions of a comparative analysis in terms of bankfull discharge magnitude and its hydrological characteristics, so that one must be cautious when comparing results from different studies that use different methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

FRACTIONAL TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT MIXTURES     

Albert MOLINAS 《国际泥沙研究》2003,18(3)

A new method based on the Transport Capacity Fraction (TCF) concept is proposed to compute the fractional transport rates for nonuniform sediment mixtures in sand-bed channels. The TCF concept is derived from the understanding that the measurements and predictions of bed-material load are more accurate and reliable than the measurements and predictions of fractional loads. First the bed-material load is computed using an appropriate equation, then the fractional transport rates are determined by distributing the bed-material load into size groups through a transport capacity distribution function. For the computation of bed-material loads, the Ackers and White, Engelund and Hansen, and Yang equations are used in this study. Two new transport capacity distribution functions are developed for flows in sand-bed channels. The new expressions presented in this paper account for the sheltering and exposure effects that exist in mixtures. Comparisons with measured data show that the proposed method can signifi  相似文献   

Mode switching in the nearby Mira-like variable R Doradus     

T. R. Bedding    Albert A. Zijlstra    A. Jones  & G. Foster 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,301(4):1073-1082

We discuss visual observations spanning nearly 70 years of the nearby semiregular variable R Doradus. Using wavelet analysis, we show that the star switches back and forth between two pulsation modes having periods of 332 d and about 175 d, the latter with much smaller amplitude. Comparison with model calculations suggests that the two modes are the first and third radial overtone, with the physical diameter of the star making fundamental-mode pulsation unlikely. The mode changes occur on a time-scale of about 1000 d, which is too rapid to be related to a change in the overall thermal structure of the star and may instead be related to weak chaos.   The Hipparcos distance to R Dor is 62.4 ± 2.8 pc which, taken with its dominant 332-d period, places it exactly on the period–luminosity (P–L) relation of Miras in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Our results imply first-overtone pulsation for all Miras which fall on the P–L relation. We argue that semiregular variables with long periods may largely be a subset of Miras and should be included in studies of Mira behaviour. The semiregulars may contain the immediate evolutionary Mira progenitors, or stars may alternate between periods of semiregular and Mira behaviour.  相似文献   

The Kwinana Coastal Fumigation Study: I – Program Overview, Experimental Design and Selected Results     

B. L. Sawford  A. K. Luhar  J. M. Hacker  S. A. Young  I. -H. Yoon  J. A. Noonan  J. N. Carras  D. J. Williams  K. N. Rayner 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,89(3):359-384

Fumigation under sea-breeze conditions is a major feature of the air pollution meteorology in the coastal industrial region of Kwinana, south of Perth in Western Australia. An intensive field experiment on fumigation was carried out in the region in early 1995 with the objective of using the measured data to develop and test a shoreline fumigation model. Fumigation of plumes from the Kwinana Power Station was studied using an instrumented research aircraft, radiosonde balloons, meteorological stations, a lidar, a mobile surface sampler, and sonic anemometers. The study has yielded a detailed and high quality data set as a result of both the range of observations undertaken and of the regularity of the sea-breeze conditions under scrutiny. The details of the experiment are summarised in this paper and some typical results are presented.  相似文献   

Geology and geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in China   总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20  

Hu Rui-Zhong  Su Wen-Chao  Bi Xian-Wu  Tu Guang-Zhi  Albert H. Hofstra 《Mineralium Deposita》2002,37(3-4):378-392

  相似文献   

Civic entities in environmental local planning. A contribution from a participative research in the metropolitan area of Barcelona     

M Àngels Alió  Albert Gallego 《GeoJournal》2002,56(2):123-134

  相似文献