4829923 Sewage disposal     

Alexander G Copson  Mirza N Baig 《Marine pollution bulletin》1989,20(12):639

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Volcanic lithogeochemistry and alteration at the Delbridge massive sulfide deposit, Noranda, Quebec     

T.J. Barrett  S. Cattalani  W.H. MacLean 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1993,48(2)

The Delbridge orebody occurs within a thick sequence (> 1 km) of porphyritic to aphyric massive rhyolite and rhyolite breccia of the Archean Blake River Group. The orebody produced ≈ 370,000 tonnes grading 0.61% Cu, 9.6% Zn, 110 g/t Ag and 2.1 g/t Au (1969–1971). The footwall consists of massive quartz porphyritic rhyolite mantled by proximal rhyolite breccias. An irregular chloritic alteration pipe with mineralization is subvertical to the ore lens. The orebody occurs at a thick cherty horizon within rhyolite breccia, and is overlain by a succession of mafic debris flows, porphyritic to aphyric massive rhyolite flows, and finally andesite. The main alteration assemblage in the rhyolite units is quartz-albite-sericite-chlorite-carbonate. Immobile element plots and rare-earth element data indicate that the footwall rhyolite flows and proximal breccias are tholeiitic to transitional (Zr/Y = 3.5–5.5; La_N/Yb_N = 1.7–2.6), whereas hangingwall rhyolite flows are mildly calc-alkaline (Zr/Y = 6.5–7.5; La_N/Yb_N = 2.8–3.8). These two rhyolite types also have separate alteration lines in Ti-Zr space and in various immobile element plots. The identification of chemically different rhyolites above and below the orebody provides markers that can be identified and traced even where strongly altered. An intrusive rhyolite mass in the footwall is chemically identical to the hangingwall aphyric rhyolite flows, and is interpreted as the feeder to these flows. Calculated mass changes in the footwall rhyolite commonly are large, and result from major silica change (±30%), significant loss of Na₂O + CaO, and important additions of K₂O and FeO + MgO. The margins of the pipe show net mass gain, whereas the interior of the pipe shows net mass loss. Hangingwall rhyolite shows mass changes that generally are much smaller than in the footwall. Felsic rocks in the silica-sericite alteration zone up to ≈ 200 m from the orebody have high δ¹⁸O values of 10–12‰, reflecting low-temperature alteration. The orebody occurs near the contact between a mainly tholeiitic rhyolite footwall and an overlying sequence of mildly calc-alkaline rhyolite then andesite.  相似文献   

European Environmental Research Organization (EERO)     

Alexander J. B. Zehnder 《GeoJournal》1990,22(4):438-438

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Hydrophobic and electrostatic parameters in bacterial adhesion   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht  Willem Norde  Johannes Lyklema  Alexander J. B. Zehnder 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1990,52(1):103-114

Recently it has been shown that the initial stages of bacterial adhesion to a model-surface of sulphated polystyrene can best be described using hydrophobic and electrostatic parameters. In the present study it is tested whether these parameters can generally be applied to predict bacterial adhesion by using (i) glass, as a model for hydrophilic and natural surfaces of silicates and oxides, (ii) polystyrene coated with proteins, as a model for a surface coated with an organic layer, and (iii) river Rhine sediment, as an example of a natural surface. Adhesion to glass was dominated by electrostatic interaction, whereas adhesion to polystyrene coated with various types of proteins depended on the surface characteristics of the bacteria and the type of protein. By relating Van der Waals interactions to hydrophobicity of the interacting species, the adhesion of bacteria to the various surfaces including the river Rhine sediments could be interpreted in terms of the DLVO-theory. It is therefore concluded that the conceptual principles of the DLVO-theory (interplay of Van der Waals and electrostatic interactions) are suitable to describe, at least qualitatively, the initial processes of bacterial adhesion to a wide range of surfaces.  相似文献   

Field observations of stratified atmospheric flow above an obstacle     

C. C. Van Valin  R. F. Pueschel  E. W. Barrett  G. M. Williams 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1982,24(3):331-343

In a study using the plume from the Four Corners power plant, near Farmington, N.M., lee waves were observed during times when the plume flowed across the Hogback. Wavelengths were typically about 1.2 km; wave amplitudes were more variable, ranging from 20 to 100 m. The observed amplitudes imply an obstacle that is broader and shallower than is actually the case. This is in agreement with laboratory studies that show the existence of regions of complex flow both upstream and downstream from an obstacle, which have the effect of broadening the region over which laminar flow occurs. Visual observation, measurement of the plume cross-sectional area both upstream and downstream from the Hogback, and measurement of plume aerosol concentrations show that turbulent and eddy flow over and downwind from the Hogback increase the rate of mixing of the plume with the surrounding atmosphere. This in turn increases the rate at which plume components come into contact with the ground.  相似文献   

Die Entwicklung der Tethystrias und Herkunft ihrer Fauna     

Doz. Dr. Edith Kristan-Tollmann  Prof. Dr. Alexander Tollmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1982,71(3):987-1019

Zusammenfassung Es wird zunächst ein kurzer Überblick über die stratigraphische und fazielle Entwicklung der Trias im Gesamtraum der Tethys zwischen Betischer Kordillere in Spanien und Timor gegeben. Hierbei zeigt sich, daß im Westabschnitt, besonders im mediterranen Raum, eine mio- und aristogeosynklinale und nur untergeordnet eugeosynklinale Entwicklung der Trias vorliegt, in Ostasien (Himalaya, China) auch eugeosynklinal entwickelte Trias vermehrt auftritt. Die europäische Entwicklung der Tethystrias ist durch ihre vielfältige Individualisierung von der asiatischen Trias, die in ihrem Oberteil weiträumig durch eine detritische Fazies beherrscht ist, unterschieden, was besonders auf den Einfluß der indosinischen Faltung in Ostasien zurückgeht. Nord- und Südast der Tethys aber deshalb und auf Grund eines verschiedenartigen Erbes als Paläo- und Neotethys zu bezeichnen, geht zu weit, da die Einheit der gesamten Tethys hierdurch begrifflich zerrissen werden würde.Besonders hervorzuheben ist die Tatsache, daß zahlreiche typische Triasschichtglieder in verschiedenen Abschnitten des Gesamtraumes der Tethys auftreten, nach Litho- und Biofazies und Altersstellung eindeutig als gleichartig identifiziert werden können und demnach im gesamten Raum mit gleichen Namen belegt werden sollen. Das gilt besonders für Reichenhaller Rauhwacke, Gutensteiner Kalk, Reiflinger Kalk, Wettersteinkalk, Hallstätter Kalk, Dachsteinkalk, Kössener Schichten, Rhätoliaskalk — um nur einige Glieder zu nennen, die vom gesamten Raum vom mediterranen Gebiet bis über China hinaus, und zwar z. T. bis Timor — und im Falle des Hallstätter Kalkes bis Südamerika -, verfolgt werden können. Die Ursache liegt im gleichen Schicksal der Kontinentrandgebiete, teils durch Eustatik, teils durch die Mobilität des Schelfs, teils durch die gleichartigen Gesteinsbildner in Fauna und Flora bewirkt.Die Gemeinsamkeit von entscheidenden Faunenelementen über den gesamten Raum der Tethys hin ist ein nächstes, besonders ins Auge stechendes Merkmal. Sie bezieht sich nicht nur auf planktonische und pelagische Elemente, sondern auch auf vagil-benthonische, ja sessile Organismen und umfaßt überraschend viele Arten der Makro- und Mikrofauna, darunter viele Leitfossilien. Zahlreiche Formen sind bisher unter verschiedenen Lokalnamen beschrieben worden, deren Nachuntersuchung nun die Gleichartigkeit über den gesamten Raum der Tethys bestätigt hat. Natürlich bezieht sich diese Feststellung nur auf einen Teil der Fauna, daneben erscheinen auch an Faunenprovinzen gebundene Elemente.Schließlich werden Überlegungen über die Herkunft der Tethysfauna angestellt. Als Heimat eines wesentlichen überregional verbreiteten Anteils wird der ostpazifische Raum am amerikanischen Kontinentalrand, besonders der Raum von Britisch-Kolumbien abgeleitet. Als Gründe sprechen dafür: 1. Reichliche Beteiligung von Tethyselementen an der Fauna dieser ostpazifischen Provinz, 2. Fehlen eines Meeresweges quer durch (Mittel-) Amerika nach Osten zur Tethys in der Zeit der Trias, 3. Rekonstruktion eines Paläowind- und Meeresströmungssystems auf Grund der Triaspaläogeographie und aktualistischer Prinzipien, das eine Drift von Osten nach Westen durch Pazifik und Tethys bewirkt haben muß, 4. Die Möglichkeit dieser Wanderung von Faunenelementen über den Pazifik auch für vagiles und sessiles Benthos mit Hilfe von Larvenstadien und in pseudoplanktonischer Form auf Tang und Treibholz. Abgesehen von diesem über den gesamten tropischen bis tropennahen Raum von Pazifik und Tethys verbreiteten Anteil kommt naturgemäß noch ein autochthoner Anteil der Fauna hinzu, der sich in den einzelnen Faunenprovinzen jeweils autonom entwickelt hat — besonders begünstigt im asiatischen Teil der Tethys. Schließlich liegt nach der Verbreitung bestimmter Arten und Artgruppen noch die Möglichkeit der Wanderung eurasiatischer Formen in höheren Breiten mit den ostgerichteten Gegenströmungen von Tethys und Pazifik nahe.

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The development of the Triassic within the Tethys realm and the origin of its fauna

Summary This paper gives at first a survey about the stratigraphy and facies of the Triassic within the Tethys realm between Betic Cordillera in Spain and Timor in Indonesia. This review shows that the western part of the Tethys in the Mediterranean region comprises a mio-, (eu-)and aristogeosynclinal facies of the Triassic and prooves that the eugeosynclinal facies is more significant for the central- and eastasiatic part of the Tethys realm.The European development is characterized by an extreme individualisation of faciestypes and a hight specification of Triassic formations, whilst the Asiatic region is dominated by an extensive spreading of immense masses of detritus in the Upper Triassic — particularly in the northern branch of Tethys -, in dependence on the Indosinic orogenesis at the end of the Middle Triassic. The distinction of a northern Paleotethys and a southern Neotethys during the Mesozoic era with regard to this event can't be sanctioned, respecting the integrity of the Tethys as a whole.The following chapter stresses the fact that many alpine formations are spreaded whole over the Tethys realm, identic in lithofacies, biofacies, fauna, flora and stratigraphic position, so that one must not hesitate denominating the same formations with the same name (Lugeon/Andrusov-principle). Those formations and members, identical all over the Tethys region, are e. g. Reichenhaller cellular dolomite, Gutenstein Wurstel-limestone, Reifling-, Wetterstein-, Hallstatt- and Dachstein-limestone, which can be observed from the Mediterranean region up to China and Timor — the Hallstatt limestone as fare as Southern America. The reason of this surprisingly fact is caused by the same conditions of the plate margins during the Triassic tectonic history, moreover by the same conditions for the formation of organogeneous limestone by time-specific organismes and in some cases also in eustatic movements of the sea level.The next fact shown in this paper is the result that a lot of characteristic alpin fauna elements are spreaded all over the Tethys area, from the Alps to Indonesia. This statement concerns not only planctonic and pseudoplanctonic taxa, but also many bentonic elements living in a vagil or sessil manner within the macro- and microfauna — comprisingly also many index-fossils. Hitherto a lot of those species have been described under local names. The revision of the fossil material, collected directly by the authors in many sectors of the Tethys has confirmed this result of widespread species whole over the Tethys ocean.Finally some reflections are made about the origin of the Tethys fauna. A part of the Tethys fauna which is common with the fauna of the Eastern Pacific region, is regarded as originally developed in Western America, particularly in the territory of British Columbia, and transported by the Pacific ocean currents westwards into the Tethys. A short connection between Eastern Pacific and Western Tethys by a Protoatlantic (Poseidon) did not existe in consequence of the existence of Pangea during the Triassic time. Therefore the communication of the identic faunistic elements of Eastern Pacific and Tethys must have be realized by transpacific way: New observations about the longevity of larval stages, also of recent benthic organisms and reflections about the Triassic paleocurrent system in the Panthalassa established on actualistic principles (Fig. 2) proove the feasibility of such a theory. By the counter-current in high latitudes the transport of Tethyal elements to eastern areas along the shore of America could be effected.

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Résumé Cet article donne premièrement un résumé de la stratigraphie et du faciès du Trias de la région mesogéenne entre la Cordillère Bétique et Timor en Indonésie. Il apparaît ainsi qu'on trouve dans les régions méditerranéennes notamment un faciès mio- et aristogéosynclinal, tandis que le faciès eugéosynclinal est plus fréquent dans la partie centrale et orientale de la Téthys asiatique.La partie européenne de la Téthys est caractérisée par une individualisation extrême des types de faciès et des formations. Au contraire, le faciès de la région asiatique est dominé par des masses détritiques dans le Trias supérieur, comme conséquence de la phase orogénique indosinienne dans l'Asie orientale.Par la suite on démontre que bien des formations alpines sont répandues dans toute la région de la Téthys, identiques en lithofaciès, biofaciès, faunes, flores et dans leur position stratigraphique — en conséquence, il ne faut pas hésiter d'employer les mêmes désignations pour les mêmes formations dans tout le territoire en question. On retrouve par exemple les cargnieules de Reichenhall, les calcaires vermiculés de Gutenstein, les calcaires de Reifling, du Wetterstein, de Hallstatt et du Dachstein etc. à partir de la région méditerranéenne jusqu' en Chine et à Timor; d'autre part, les calcaires de Hallstatt se retrouvent jusqu' en Amérique méridionale. Ce fait étonnant tient à des conditions identiques valables pour les bords des plaques continentales pendant le Triassique, ainsi qu'à une formation identique des calcaires organogènes provoquée par l'existence simultanée des mêmes organismes et aussi par des oscillations eustatiques de l'océan.Un autre résultat que nous aimerions mentionner dans cet article est le fait qu' un nombre assez grand des éléments de la faune alpine est répandu dans tout le territoire de la Téthys. Cette constatation ne concerne pas seulement les éléments (pseudo-)planctoniques, mais aussi beaucoup d'organismes bentoniques (vagiles et sessiles) de la macroet microfaune. Jusqu' à présent, beaucoup de ces espèces sont décrites sous des noms locaux. La révision des suites des fossiles, collectionnées par les auteurs eux-mêmes dans les différents secteurs de la Téthys, a confirmé ce fait.Enfin des réflexions sont faites sur l'origine de la faune téthysienne. Une partie de cette faune de la Téthys, celle qui correspond à la faune de la région pacifique orientale, se serait développée d'abord en Amérique septentrionale, notamment en Colombie britannique, et aurait été transportée par le courant pacifique central vers l'ouest, dans la Téthys. Une communication directe, pendant le Trias, entre le Pacifique et la Téthys occidentale, par un Protoatlantique («Poseidon») n'existait pas du fait que la Pangéa était intacte. La migration des éléments faunistiques dans le Pacifique oriental et dans la Téthys n'était possible que le long de la route transpacifique. Des observations nouvelles sur la longue durée des stades larvales des organismes bentoniques ainsi que des réflexions concernant les paléocourants de la Panthalassa (Fig. 2) prouvent le bien-fondé de cette théorie. Par des contre-courants dans des latitudes supérieures, le transport des éléments faunistiques de la Téthys dans des régions arctiques et antarctiques de l'Amérique était possible.

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Arbeit im Rahmen des Int. Geol. Correl. Programme, Projekt 73/I/4, Triassic of the Tethys Realm, durchgeführt.  相似文献   

Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition induces rapid ecological changes in alpine lakes of the Colorado Front Range (USA)   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7  

Alexander P. Wolfe  Jill S. Baron  R. Jack Cornett 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,25(1):1-7

Recent sediments from two alpine lakes (> 3300 m asl) in the Colorado Front Range (USA) register marked and near-synchronous changes that are believed to represent ecological responses to enhanced atmospheric deposition of fixed nitrogen from anthropogenic sources. Directional shifts in sediment proxies include greater representations of mesotrophic diatoms and increasingly depleted ¹⁵N values. These trends are particularly pronounced since ~ 1950, and appear to chronicle lake responses to excess N derived from agricultural and industrial sources to the east. The rate and magnitude of recent ecological changes far exceed the context of natural variability, as inferred from comparative analyses of a long core capturingthe entire 14,000-year postglacial history of one of the lakes. Nitrogen deposition to these seemingly pristine natural areas has resulted in subtle but detectable limnological changes that likely represent the beginning of a stronger response to nitrogen enrichment.  相似文献   

Improved magnetic anomalies of the Antarctic lithosphere from satellite and near-surface data     

Hyung Rae Kim  Ralph R. B. von Frese  Patrick T. Taylor  Alexander V. Golynsky  Luis R. Gaya-Piqué  Fausto Ferraccioli 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(1):119-126

The Antarctic magnetic anomaly map compiled marine and airborne surveys collected south of 60°S through 1999 and used Magsat data to help fill in the regional gaps between the surveys. Ørsted and CHAMP satellite magnetic observations with greatly improved measurement accuracies and temporal and spatial coverage of the Antarctic, have now supplanted the Magsat data. We combined the new satellite observations with the near-surface survey data for an improved magnetic anomaly map of the Antarctic lithosphere. Specifically, we separated the crustal from the core and external field components in the satellite data using crustal thickness variations estimated from the terrain and the satellite-derived free-air gravity observations. Regional gaps in the near-surface surveys were then filled with predictions from crustal magnetization models that jointly satisfied the near-surface and satellite crustal anomalies. Comparisons in some of the regional gaps that also considered newly acquired aeromagnetic data demonstrated the enhanced anomaly estimation capabilities of the predictions over those from conventional minimum curvature and spherical harmonic geomagnetic field models. We also noted that the growing number of regional and world magnetic survey compilations involve coverage gaps where these procedures can contribute effective near-surface crustal anomaly estimates.  相似文献   

Campanian Climatic Change: Isotopic Evidence from Far East, North America, North Atlantic and Western Europe          下载免费PDF全文

Yuri D. Zakharov  Yasunari Shiget  Kazushige Tanabe  Yasuhiro I  Olga P. Smyshlyaev  Ekaterina A. Sokolov  Alexer M. Popov  Tatiana A. Velivetskay  Tamara B. Afanasyeva 《《地质学报》英文版》2007,81(6):1049-1069

Paleoclimatic settings have been reconstructed for the Campanian using original oxygen-isotopic analyses of well-preserved molluskan and foraminifera shells from Russian Far East, Hokkaido, USA, Belgium and some DSDP holes (95, 98, 102, 390A, and 392A) in North Atlantic. Early Early Campanian climatic optimum has been recognized from data on high bottom shelf water paleotemperatures in middle latitudes of both the western circum-Pacific (to 24.2°C) and the eastern circum-Pacific (to 26.4°C) areas and high bottom shallow water paleotemperatures in high latitudes of the Koryak Upland (22.4–25.5°C), which agrees with the data on the Campanian Barykovskaya flora in high latitudes (Golovneva and Herman, 1998) and Jonker flora and its equivalents in middle latitudes. Judging from the data on comparatively high bottom shallow water paleotemperature values in high latitudes, South Alaska (19.4°C) and the Koryak Upland (22.4–25.5°C), we also expect Latest Campanian temperature maximum, which has not been confirmed, however, for low and middle latitudes by neither of isotopic nor paleobotanic data now. Main climatic tendency during the Campanian (with the exception of Latest Campanian) has been learned from isotopic composition of Campanian aragonitic ammonoid shells from the Hokkaido-South Sakhalin (Krilyon) marine basin. In contrary to Huber’s et al. (2002) assumption, we expect warm greenhouse conditions during the most part of the Campanian.  相似文献   

Seismic,petrologic, and geodetic analyses of the 1999 dome-forming eruption of Guagua Pichincha volcano,Ecuador     

Alexander Garcia-Aristizabal  Hiroyuki Kumagai  Pablo Samaniego  Patricia Mothes  Hugo Yepes  Michel Monzier 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2007

Guagua Pichincha, located 14 km west of Quito, Ecuador, is a stratovolcano bisected by a horseshoe-shaped caldera. In 1999, after some months of phreatic activity, Guagua Pichincha entered into an eruptive period characterized by the extrusion of several dacitic domes, vulcanian eruptions, and pyroclastic flows. We estimated the three-dimensional (3-D) P-wave velocity structure beneath Guagua Pichincha using a tomographic inversion method based on finite-difference calculations of first-arrival times. Hypocenters of volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes and long-period (LP) events were relocated using the 3-D P-wave velocity model. A low-velocity anomaly exists beneath the caldera and may represent an active volcanic conduit. Petrologic analysis of eruptive products indicates a magma storage region beneath the caldera, having a vertical extent of 7–8 km with the upper boundary at about sea level. This zone coincides with the source region of deeper VT earthquakes, indicating that a primary magma body exists in this region. LP swarms occurred in a cyclic pattern synchronous with ground deformation during magma extrusions. The correlation between seismicity and ground deformation suggests that both respond to pressure changes caused by the cyclic eruptive behavior of lava domes.  相似文献