The opening of the Magellan Strait and its geodynamic implications     

Matías C. Ghiglione  Angela Teresa Navarrete‐Rodríguez  Mauricio González‐Guillot  Gustavo Bujalesky 《地学学报》2013,25(1):13-20

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Early and middle Holocene in the Aegean Sea: interplay between high and low latitude climate variability     

Gianluca Marino  Eelco J. Rohling  Francesca Sangiorgi  Angela Hayes  James L. Casford  André F. Lotter  Michal Kucera  Henk Brinkhuis 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(27-28):3246-3262

Changes in the orbital parameters, solar output, and ocean circulation are widely considered as main drivers of the Holocene climate. Yet, the interaction between these forcings and the role that they play to produce the pattern of changes observed in different domains of the climate system remain debated. Here, we present new early to middle Holocene season-specific sea surface temperature (SST) and δ¹⁸O_seawater results, based on organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst and planktonic foraminiferal data from two sediment cores located in the central (SL21) and south-eastern (LC21) Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean). Today, this region is affected by high to mid latitude climate in winter and tropical/subtropical climate in summer. The reconstructed δ¹⁸O_seawater from LC21 displays a marked (～1.3%) negative shift between 10.7 and 9.7 ka BP, which represents the regional expression of the orbitally driven African monsoon intensification and attendant freshwater flooding into the eastern Mediterranean. A virtually contemporaneous shift, of the same sign and magnitude, is apparent in the δ¹⁸O_speleothem record from Soreq Cave (Northern Israel), an important part of which may therefore reflect a change in the isotopic composition of the moisture source region (Aegean and Levantine Seas). Our SST reconstructions show that Aegean winter SSTs decreased in concert with intensifications of the Siberian High, as reflected in the GISP2 nss [K⁺] record. Specifically, three distinct sea surface cooling events at 10.5, 9.5–9.03 and 8.8–7.8 ka BP in the central Aegean Sea match increases in GISP2 nss [K⁺]. These events also coincide with dry interludes in Indian monsoon, hinting at large (hemispheric) scale teleconnections during the early Holocene on centennial timescales. A prominent short-lived (～150 years) cooling event in core SL21 – centred on 8.2 ka BP – is coeval to the ‘8.2 ka BP event’ in the Greenland δ¹⁸O_ice, which is commonly linked to a melt-water related perturbation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and associated ocean heat transport. By deciphering the phasing between a recently published record of reduced overflow from the Nordic Seas into the northern North Atlantic, the Greenland δ¹⁸O_ice ‘8.2 ka BP event’ anomaly, and the short-lived cooling in SL21, we demonstrate severe far-field impacts of this North Atlantic event in the Aegean Sea. The Aegean is isolated from the North Atlantic oceanic circulation, so that signal transmission must have been of an atmospheric nature.  相似文献   

Ion tracks in apatite at high pressures: the effect of crystallographic track orientation on the elastic properties of fluorapatite under hydrostatic compression     

Pascal Schouwink  Ronald Miletich  Angela Ullrich  Ulrich A. Glasmacher  Christina Trautmann  Reinhard Neumann  Barry P. Kohn 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2010,37(6):371-387

Static elasticity measurements at high pressures were carried out on oriented fluorapatite single crystals, some of which contained oriented amorphous ion tracks (ITs) implanted with relativistic Au ions (2.2 GeV) from the UNILAC linear accelerator at GSI, Darmstadt. High-pressure experiments on irradiated and non-irradiated crystal sections were carried out in diamond-anvil high-pressure cells under hydrostatic conditions. In situ single-crystal diffraction was performed to determine the high-precision lattice parameters, simultaneously monitoring the widths of X-ray diffraction Bragg peaks. High-pressure Raman spectra were analyzed with respect to the frequency shift and widths of bands, which correspond to the Raman-active vibrational modes of the phosphate tetrahedra. Swift heavy ion irradiation was found to induce anisotropic lattice expansion and tensile strain within the host lattice dependent on the ion-track orientation. The relatively low Grüneisen parameter for the ν _1b(A _g) mode, which has been assigned to originate from the volume fraction of the amorphous tracks, and the γ(ν _1a)/γ(ν _1b) ratio reveals compressive strain on the amorphous ITs. The comparative compressibilities for the host lattice reveal approximately equivalent bulk moduli, but significantly different pressure derivatives (K _T = 88.4 ± 0.7 GPa, ∂K/∂P = 6.3 ± 0.3 for non-irradiated, K _T = 90.0 ± 1.7 GPa, ∂K/∂P = 3.8 ± 0.5 for irradiated samples). The axial compressibility moduli β ⁻¹ reveal significant differences, which correlate with the ion-track orientation [b_a ^{- 1} \beta_{a}^{ - 1}  = 240 ± 5 GPa, b_c ^{- 1} \beta_{c}^{ - 1}  = 361 ± 14 GPa, ∂( b_a ^{- 1} ) \left( {\beta_{a}^{ - 1} } \right) /∂P = 11.3 ± 1.2, ∂( b_c ^{- 1} ) \left( {\beta_{c}^{ - 1} } \right) /∂P = 11.6 ± 3.4 for irradiation ⊥(100); 246 ± 9 GPa, 364 ± 57 GPa, 9.5 ± 2.9, 14.7 ± 14.1 for irradiation ⊥(001), 230.7 ± 3.6 GPa, 373.5 ± 5.1 GPa, 19.2 ± 1.4, 20.1 ± 1.8 for no irradiation]. Line widths of XRD Bragg peaks in irradiated apatites confirm the strain of the host lattice, which appears to decrease with increasing pressure. By contrast, the bandwidths of Raman modes increase with pressure, and this is attributed to increasing strain gradients on the length scale of the short-range order. The investigations reveal considerable deviatoric stress on the [100]-oriented tracks due to the anisotropic elasticity, while the compression is uniform for the directions perpendicular to the tracks, which are aligned parallel to the c-axis. This difference might be considered to control the diffusion properties related to the annealing kinetics and its observed anisotropy, and hence to cause potential pressure effects on track-fading rates.  相似文献   

Reconstructing past fire regimes: methods,applications, and relevance to fire management and conservation     

Marco Conedera  Willy Tinner  Christophe Neff  Manfred Meurer  Angela F. Dickens  Patrik Krebs 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(5-6):555-576

Biomass burning and resulting fire regimes are major drivers of vegetation changes and of ecosystem dynamics. Understanding past fire dynamics and their relationship to these factors is thus a key factor in preserving and managing present biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Unfortunately, our understanding of the disturbance dynamics of past fires is incomplete, and many open questions exist relevant to these concepts and the related methods. In this paper we describe the present status of the fire-regime concept, discuss the notion of the fire continuum and related proxies, and review the most important existing approaches for reconstructing fire history at centennial to millennial scales. We conclude with a short discussion of selected directions for future research that may lead to a better understanding of past fire-regime dynamics. In particular, we suggest that emphasis should be laid on (1) discriminating natural from anthropogenic fire-regime types, (2) improving combined analysis of fire and vegetation reconstructions to study long-term fire ecology, and (3) overcoming problems in defining temporal and spatial scales of reference, which would allow better use of past records to gain important insights for landscape, fire and forest management.  相似文献   

Modification of the polyethylene glycol 6000 precipitation method for recovering human and indicator viruses from oysters and mussels     

Gillian D. Lewis  Angela Hough  David H. Green  John E. Hay  Lynnette R. Ferguson 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):443-447

Human viruses are a common contaminant of shellfish affected by human sewage wastes. They are difficult to detect as they are not easily separated from shellfish tissue. This paper describes a modification of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation technique for recovery of enteroviruses and F‐specific bacteriophages from the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the green‐lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus). Modifications adopted were the use of only the digestive gland tissue for virus extraction, resuspension of the primary PEG pellet in 4 volumes of eluent, and the introduction of a secondary PEG precipitation to reconcentrate the virus containing extract. The recovery rate of the virus extraction process was not affected by introduction of the secondary concentration step (overall recovery remained at 60–70% of the virus input). The advantages of reduction of tissue residue in the extract, smaller final volume, and the ability to process 2–3 times the number of individual shellfish for the same effort, improve the practicality of the method.  相似文献   

A Nondestructive Technique for Predicting the In Situ Void Ratio for Marine Sediments     

Dei G. Huws  Angela M. Davis  James R. Pyrah 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(4):333-346

Abstract

This study tests the hypothesis that the in situ void ratio of surficial marine sediments may be predicted from shear wave velocity-depth data with a reliability equal to that of other methods currently available. Shear wave velocity is fundamentally controlled by the number of grain-to-grain contacts per unit volume of material and by the effective stress across those contacts. In this study, three previously established empirical formulae are used to predict void ratio from velocity-depth data. Field data were acquired along a transect off the northern Californian coast across which water depth increased from 35 to 70 m and seafloor sediment type varied from sand to silty-sand, respectively. A towed seafloor sled device was used to collect shear wave refraction data, and a marked, systematic decrease in velocity was observed along the line, ranging from 35–70 m/s for the coarse, near-shore material to 25–40 m/s for the finer, offshore deposits. Void ratios predicted from these velocities were compared with data measured directly from box-core samples. Of the formulae used for prediction, two agree remarkably well with the control data. Both predicted and control values increase from 0.6–0.8 for the sandy material to 1.1–1.5 for the silty-sand. Thus, this study does not disprove the hypothesis set and demonstrates the potential of field shear wave velocity-depth data as a means of delineating spatial variation in void ratio for surficial marine sediments in a remote, nondestructive manner.  相似文献   

An analysis of Pluto occultation light curves using an atmospheric radiative-conductive model     

Angela M. Zalucha  Amanda A.S. Gulbis  Xun Zhu  J.L. Elliot 《Icarus》2011,211(1):804-818

We use a radiative-conductive model to least-squares fit Pluto stellar occultation light curve data. This model predicts atmospheric temperature based on surface temperature, surface pressure, surface radius, and CH₄ and CO mixing ratios, from which model light curves are to be calculated. The model improves upon previous techniques for deriving Pluto’s atmospheric thermal structure from stellar occultation light curves by calculating temperature (as a function of height) caused by heating and cooling by species in Pluto’s atmosphere, instead of a general assumption that temperature follows a power law with height or some other idealized function. We are able to fit for model surface radius, surface pressure, and CH₄ mixing ratio with one of the 2006 datasets and for surface pressure and CH₄ mixing ratio for other datasets from the years 1988, 2002, 2006, and 2008. It was not possible to fit for CO mixing ratio and surface temperature because the light curves are not sensitive to these parameters. We determine that the model surface radius, under the assumption of a stratosphere only (i.e. no troposphere) model in radiative-conductive balance, is . The CH₄ mixing ratio results are more scattered with time and are in the range of 1.8-9.4 × 10⁻³. The surface pressure results show an increasing trend from 1988 to 2002, although it is not as dramatic as the factor of 2 from previous studies.  相似文献   

An investigation of Pluto’s troposphere using stellar occultation light curves and an atmospheric radiative-conductive-convective model     

Angela M. Zalucha  Xun Zhu  Darrell F. Strobel  J.L. Elliot 《Icarus》2011,214(2):685-700

We use a radiative-conductive-convective model to assess the height of Pluto’s troposphere, as well as surface pressure and surface radius, from stellar occultation data from the years 1988, 2002, and 2006. The height of the troposphere, if it exists, is less than 1 km for all years analyzed. Pluto has at most a planetary boundary layer and not a troposphere. As in previous analyses of Pluto occultation light curves, we find that the surface pressure is increasing with time, assuming that latitude and longitude variations in Pluto’s atmosphere are negligible. The surface pressure is found to be slightly higher ( μbar in 1988,  μbar in 2002, and 18.5 ± 4.7 μbar in 2006) than in our previous analyses with the troposphere excluded. The surface radius is determined to be . Comparison of the minimum reduced chi-squared values between the best-fit radiative-conductive-convective (i.e., troposphere-included) model and best-fit radiative-conductive (i.e., troposphere-excluded) shows that the troposphere-included model is only a slightly better fit to the data for all 3 years. Uncertainties in the small-scale physical processes of Pluto’s lower atmosphere and consequently the functional form of the model troposphere lend more confidence to the troposphere-excluded results.  相似文献   

GRI: focusing on the evolving violent universe     

Jürgen Knödlseder  Peter von Ballmoos  Filippo Frontera  Angela Bazzano  Finn Christensen  Margarida Hernanz  Cornelia Wunderer 《Experimental Astronomy》2009,23(1):121-138

The gamma-ray imager (GRI) is a novel mission concept that will provide an unprecedented sensitivity leap in the soft gamma-ray domain by using for the first time a focusing lens built of Laue diffracting crystals. The lens will cover an energy band from 200–1,300 keV with an effective area reaching 600 cm². It will be complemented by a single reflection multilayer coated mirror, extending the GRI energy band into the hard X-ray regime, down to ∼10 keV. The concentrated photons will be collected by a position sensitive pixelised CZT stack detector. We estimate continuum sensitivities of better than 10^− 7 ph cm^− 2s^− 1keV^− 1 for a 100 ks exposure; the narrow line sensitivity will be better than 3 × 10^− 6 ph cm^− 2s^− 1 for the same integration time. As focusing instrument, GRI will have an angular resolution of better than 30 arcsec within a field of view of roughly 5 arcmin—an unprecedented achievement in the gamma-ray domain. Owing to the large focal length of 100 m of the lens and the mirror, the optics and detector will be placed on two separate spacecrafts flying in formation in a high elliptical orbit. R&D work to enable the lens focusing technology and to develop the required focal plane detector is currently underway, financed by ASI, CNES, ESA, and the Spanish Ministery of Education and Science. The GRI mission has been proposed as class M mission for ESAs Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 program. GRI will allow studies of particle acceleration processes and explosion physics in unprecedented detail, providing essential clues on the innermost nature of the most violent and most energetic processes in the universe. All authors are on behalf of a large international collaboration The GRI mission has been proposed as an international collaboration between (in alphabetical order) Belgium (CSR), China (IHEP, Tsinghua Univ.), Denmark (DNSC, Southern Univ.), France (CESR, APC, ILL, CSNSM, IAP, LAM), Germany (MPE), Ireland (UCD School of Physics), Italy (INAF/IASF Rome, Bologna, Milano, Palermo; INAF/OA Brera, Roma; UNIFE, CNR/IMEM), Poland (NCAC), Portugal (Combra Univ., Evora Univ.), Russia (SINP, MSU, Ioffe Inst.), Spain (IEEC-CSIC-IFAE, CNM-IMB), the Netherlands (SRON, Utrecht Univ.), Turkey (Sabanci Univ.), United Kingdom (Univ. of Southampton, MSSL, RAL, Edinburgh Univ.), and the United States of America (SSL UC Berkeley, Argonne National Lab., MSFC, GSFC, US NRL).  相似文献   

Aquatic weed growth and flow resistance: Influence on the relationship between discharge and stage over a 25 year river gauging station record     

Angela M. Gurnell  Peter Midgley 《水文研究》1994,8(1):63-73

In developing a method for establishing reliable flow estimates from monthly current metered discharge measurements and continuous stage records at a site subject to seasonal aquatic weed growth, a 25 year series of estimates of the resistance of the channel to flow was generated. Analysis of this data set produced estimated relationships between flow resistance, discharge and stage which support the models developed from shorter term research investigations. In addition, the annual cycle in flow resistance at the section studied was found to range from a minimum resistance in January to a maximum in August and September.  相似文献