Leaching of viruses and other microorganisms naturally occurring in pig slurry to tile drains on a well-structured loamy field in Denmark     

Jesper S. Krog  Anita Forslund  Lars E. Larsen  Anders Dalsgaard  Jeanne Kjaer  Preben Olsen  Anna Charlotte Schultz 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(4):1045-1062

The amount of animal manure used in modern agriculture is increasing due to the increase in global animal production. Pig slurry is known to contain zoonotic bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp., and viruses such as hepatitis E virus and group A rotavirus. Coliform bacteria, present in manure, have previously been shown to leach into tile drains. This poses a potential threat to aquatic environments and may also influence the quality of drinking water. As knowledge is especially scarce about the fate of viruses when applied to fields in natural settings, this project sets out to investigate the leaching potential of six different microorganisms: E. coli and Enterococcus spp. (detected by colony assay), somatic coliphages (using plaque assays), and hepatitis E virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and group A rotavirus (by real-time polymerase chain reaction). All six microorganisms leached through the soil entering the tile drains situated at 1-m depth the first day following pig slurry application. The leaching pattern of group A rotavirus differed substantially from the pattern for somatic coliphages, which are otherwise used as indicators for virus contamination. Furthermore, group A rotavirus was detected in monitoring wells at 3.5-m depth up to 2 months after pig slurry application. The detection of viral genomic material in drainage water and shallow groundwater signifies a potential hazard to human health that needs to be investigated further, as water reservoirs used for recreational use and drinking water are potentially contaminated with zoonotic pathogens.  相似文献   

Flares From the Giant ar 9433 on 24 April 2001     

Joshi  Anita  Chandra  Ramesh  Uddin  Wahab 《Solar physics》2003,217(1):173-186

We present H CCD observations of three small-to-medium-size two-ribbon flares observed in the giant AR 9433 on 24 April 2001. Flare observations at other associated wavelengths (e.g., soft X-rays (SXR), hard X-rays (HXR), microwaves (MW)) obtained from archives are also presented and compared. We have tested the Neupert effect for the most energetic third flare. The flare observations are in agreement with the thick-target model. In the case of this flare the HXR emitting electrons appears to be the heating source of SXR and H emissions. The flares are also studied in EUV and UV emissions using TRACE data. We discuss the complexity of the magnetic field using SOHO/MDI magnetograms. The flares are observed to occur in both (f/p) polarity regions in highly sheared magnetic field with emerging flux regions and MMFs.  相似文献   

Fashioning furniture: restructuring the furniture commodity chain   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Deborah Leslie  Suzanne Reimer 《Area》2003,35(4):427-437

The paper explores intersections between the fashion and furniture industries as manifest across magazine, retail and manufacturing spaces. We argue that the temporality and spatiality of furniture have begun to shift. As a result, furniture retailers and manufacturers in Canada and the UK have been required to restructure their methods of operating.  相似文献   

Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope studies of rainfall and streamwaters for two contrasting holm oak areas of Catalonia, northeastern Spain     

Colin Neal  Margaret Neal  Anita Warrington  Anna   vila  Josep Pi  ol  Ferran Rod 《Journal of Hydrology》1992,140(1-4):163-178

Results are presented of a study of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in rainfall and streamwaters for the Montseny and Prades areas in northeastern Spain: results cover the full year of 1991. The isotopic pattern for rainfall is similar for both areas: there is a wide range in isotopic contents and the results show a strong, near-linear trend, δ²H = 7.9 × δ¹⁸O + 9.8 (N = 59; r² = 0.952), the ‘local meteoric line’. There is slight curvature to the data which may be related to the sources of water vapour forming the rainfall. Within the streams, the isotopic variability is much less than that of the rainfall although the data lie on, or very near to, the meteoric line. Data for detailed collections during storm events show more scatter than those collected regularly on a fortnightly basis. The event data show a linear feature that conforms to the local meteoric line. These results indicate that: (1) the main supply of water to the stream stormflow comes from water stored in the catchment prior to the event; (2) waters of more than one isotopic composition reside within the catchment and are transferable to the stream during storm events; (3) the main process of water transfer from the catchment back to the atmosphere comes from transpiration by the trees and (possibly) complete evaporation from the near-surface soil horizons and the tree canopy; (4) the isotopic technique cannot be used for quantitative hydrograph separation in this instance — at least two water types can be present within the catchment at any given time.  相似文献   

Paleogeographic significance of the oldest known oolite pebbles in the Archaean Swaziland Supergroup (South Africa)     

T.O. Reimer 《Sedimentary Geology》1975,14(2):123-133

In conglomerates of the Archaean Swaziland Supergroup (> 3200 m.y.) pebbles of a characteristic oolite were found, the source rock of which is a well-defined marker horizon at the base of the sedimentary succession. From the pebble finds it can be concluded that this oolite was deposited over a belt several km wide and up to 100 km long. This is comparable in size to recent conditions of oolite formation on the Great Bahama Bank.  相似文献   

Longitudinal variability of methane and ammonia bands on Saturn     

Anita L. Cochran  William D. Cochran 《Icarus》1981,48(3):488-495

A total of 129 spectra of the center of the disk of Saturn were obtained in March 1980 in order to search for possible longitudinal variations in the CH₄ 6190 and NH₃ 6450 bands. The spectra were reduced to reflectivities, and the band equivalent widths were measured using a blind, automated continuum fitting technique. The methane and ammonia equivalent widths are well correlated with each other. There are some latitude regions in which both bands show enhanced absorption and some latitudes in which both bands are weaker than the average. The continuum reflectivity is quite constant with latitude and shows no apparent correlation with molecular band equivalent width. These data were analyzed by adopting the model of J. C. Buriez and C. de Bergh (1981, Astron. Astrophys.94, 382–390) and using a doubling-adding radiative transfer code. The observed variations may be explained by a longitudinal variation in the altitude of the top of the thick cloud of about ±2 km from the mean.  相似文献   

Low δ18O silicic volcanic rocks at the Calabozos caldera complex,southern Andes     

Anita L. Grunder 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1987,95(1):71-81

Sr- and Pb-isotope data from the Calabozos center (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr= 0.7043, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.64–18.66, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.59–15.60, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.52–38.55) fall within the range of values reported for the southern volcanic zone (33–42° S) of the Andean arc. The range of ¹⁸O (5.0–6.3), however, includes unusually low values compared to volcanic rocks of similar bulk composition in the region. The Calabozos caldera complex lies at 35 °30 S, where the continental crust under the Andes thins southward from >45 to 30 km. Three voluminous late Pleistocene ashflow tuffs, collectively called the Loma Seca Tuff, constitute the bulk of >1,000 km³ of eruptive products at the Calabozos caldera complex and are evidence for a major, longlived andesitic-to-rhyodacitic magma reservoir at shallow crustal levels. The ¹⁸O values of the most evolved volcanic rocks from the Calabozos center are lower than predicted for rhyodacite produced by crystal fractionation from basalt typical of the region. Variation of ¹⁸O independent of bulk composition and inferred magmatic water contents indicates that the ¹⁸O depletion is a late-stage, upper-crustal phenomenon that cannot simply be attributed to magmatic interaction with meteoric water. The data are interpreted to be the result of assimilation of 5–30% of roof and wall rocks previously depleted in ¹⁸O by isotopic exchange in a meteoric hydrothermal system overlying the magma reservoir. Combined assimilation and fractional crystallization calculations applied to Sr isotope data show that the isotopic contrast between the Calabozos magmas and the assimilated rocks is very small. Hydrothermally-altered volcanic and plutonic rocks from the Tertiary Andean arc complex and Mesozoic-to-Cenozoic volcaniclastic sediments typical of the local basement provide a geologically reasonable contaminant compatible with the Sr- and O-isotope data. Pb-isotope data from the Calabozos system lend no significant insight into upper crustal contamination.  相似文献   

Prediction of central California earthquakes from soil-gas helium fluctuations     

G. M. Reimer 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(2-4):369-375

The observations of short-term decreases in helium soil-gas concentrations along the San Andreas Fault in central California have been correlated with subsequent earthquake activity. The area of study is elliptical in shape with radii approximately 160×80 km, centered near San Benito, and with the major axis parallel to the Fault. For 83 percent of theM>4 earthquakes in this area a helium decrease preceded seismic activity by 1.5 to 6.5 weeks. There were several earthquakes without a decrease and several decreases without a corresponding earthquake. Owing to complex and unresolved interaction of many geophysical and geochemical parameters, no suitable model is yet developed to explain the observations.  相似文献   

Pseudo-oolites in rocks of the Ulundi Formation, lower part of the Archaean Fig Tree Group (South Africa)     

Thomas O. Reimer 《Precambrian Research》1983,20(2-4)

The Ulundi Formation of the lowermost Fig Tree Group in the type area in the Barberton Mountain Land consists of a sequence of quartz—sericite schists, banded cherts and tuffaceous rocks up to 40 m thick. It overlies talc—carbonate schists assigned to the upper part of the Onverwacht Group. In the cherts, which in parts represent the sulfide facies of a banded-iron formation, silicified spheroids have been observed which appear to be diagenetically altered, locally zeolitized accretionary lapilli. Portions of the cherts formed through silicification of fine-grained felsic tuffs and contain abundant stylolite seams along which 4% of the rock thickness has been removed by intrastratal solution during deformation.A supposedly organogenic spheroidal structure, Ramsaysphera, has been previously described from the upper part of the Ulundi Formation. The spheroids, with diameters of up to 8 mm, occur in a distinct bed of up to at least 1.6 m thickness and can be traced in outcrop over an area which originally covered 17 × 30 km. The bed was deposited in fairly still water of several 100 m depth. The spheroids accumulated with only little finer-grained detrital material, the interstices between them being filled by cherty silica and minor amounts of dolomite. Up to 65% of the spheroids consist of tectonically elongated, originally round fragments of a micro-felsitic groundmass with remnants of phenocrysts. The majority of the remaining spheroids consists of concentrically banded bodies of siliceous material with minor amounts of chlorite and sericite, as well as small dolomite crystals. These spheroids represent highly altered granules of volcanic glass deposited from volcanic ash clouds through a body of water. The prototype of Ramsay-sphera also belongs to this group of spheroids, and there is little microscopic or macroscopic evidence for its explanation as an organic structure.  相似文献   

Territoriality of signs: amber in the State’s semiotics in Latvia     

Anita Zariņa  Kristīne Krumberga 《GeoJournal》2018,83(1):101-118

Amber-signs in the Latvian nation-state’s semiotics, constructed during the interwar period, are only bits and pieces of a complex system such as the State. However, the resonance that amber semiotics effectuated, despite its actual rarity, was and still is remarkably influential. Amber was extensively deployed as a signifier to the territory and its people, places and things; it signified patria, belonging and the homeland. Such State semiotics, according to Deleuze–Guattarian concepts, is distinguished as a signifying regime of signs characterized by its universal deception and regulated by State-controlled interpretations, facialized centres, and a high degree of deterritorializations. We examine the thresholds of territoriality-deterritorialization relations and expressions of amber signs during the Latvian nation-state’s and the Soviet Union’s semiotic regimes, conceptualized as indexes, symbols and icons. By tracing and mapping of these territorialisation movements we enrich our understanding of how effective the created semiotics are, and in what variety of forms and territorialities, including linguistic, craftsmanship, and varied place makings, they are expressed in a particular regime. Such territorial perspective thus shifts the focus from what and why these signs mean (e.g., national identity, homeland) to where, when and how (e.g., dynamics of various State’s territorialities) they become operational. Among other national products that emit signs, amber proved to be most effective in the functioning of State’s signifying semiotics in Latvia, representing thoroughly the strangleholds and the continuity of such deceptive semiotics.  相似文献