Full‐scale Applications of Membrane Filtration in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants     

Marek Holba  Karel Plotěný  Lukáš Dvořák  Marcel Gómez  Iveta Růžičková 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2012,40(5):479-486

The performance of one pilot‐scale and two full‐scale membrane bioreactors (MBR) were evaluated based on the control of main operational parameters, composition of microbial community and pathogens concentration in the treated outlet. Plants were designed for 0.75 m³/day (A), 60 m³/day (B) and 30 m³/day (C). Inlet and outlet samples were monitored for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen concentration (NH₄–N), nitrate nitrogen concentration, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus and phosphate phosphorus concentration concentrations. Plants showed good COD removal: 91.9% for Plant A, 97.8% for Plant B and 94.2% for Plant C. The targeted nitrogenous ion was NH₄–N due to the requirements for outlet limits. NH₄–N removal was moderate for Plant A (73.3%) and Plant B (86.1%) and excellent for Plant C (>99%). Excellent phosphorus removal was achieved by Plant A (average outlet concentration was 0.7 mg/L, efficiency 84.7%). Unsatisfactory results for phosphorus removal were achieved at the full‐scale plants due to operational problems. The dependency between the extracellular polymeric substances increase and decreasing mixed liquor volatile suspended solids for both lab and full‐scale plants was confirmed. Soluble microbial product concentrations were reduced by 65–68% after coagulant dosage for Plant A. Outlets from the MBR plants were monitored for the presence of pathogens (thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, intestinal Enterococci and culturable microorganisms at 22 and 37°C). The treated effluent from Plant A, B and C met Czech national legislation regarding reuse criteria (standards) for environment, irrigation and swimming purposes. Plants B and C were not able to achieve requirements for potable water and personal hygiene quality standards.  相似文献   

Time trend in natural-cause,circulatory-cause and respiratory-cause mortality associated with cold waves in Spain, 1975–2008     

C. Linares  I. J. Mirón  R. Carmona  R. Sánchez  J. Díaz 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2016,30(6):1565-1574

In general, there are few studies that analyse the impact of low temperatures on mortality, and even fewer that extend this analysis to specific causes of mortality. This study had a twofold aim: Firstly, to analyse the trend in natural-, circulatory- and respiratory-cause mortality associated with cold waves in Castile-La Mancha (Spain) across a period of analysis of 34 years, which would confer an important degree of temporal representativeness on the results obtained; and secondly, to ascertain whether this impact had decreased over the years. Time series analysis using multivariate ARIMA models with data on daily natural-, circulatory- and respiratory-cause mortality in Castile-La Mancha. The independent variables were minimum daily temperature, mean daily pressure and mean daily relative humidity. We controlled for seasonalities and trend of the series, as well as influenza epidemics, cold-wave duration and chronological number in any given year. Data were stratified in three ten-year stages, i.e., 1975–1985, 1986–1996 and 1997–2008. The mortality trigger temperature was set at a minimum daily temperature of ?2 °C, corresponding to the 4th ‰ of the minimum temperature series for the winter months considered. The impact on daily natural-cause mortality for each degree that the minimum daily temperature was below ?2 °C was: 10.4 % (95 % CI 9.6–11.2) in the first decade; 11.9 % (95 % CI 11.0–12.8) in the second decade; and fell to 1.6 % (95 % CI 0.9–2.3) in the third. This same pattern was observed for circulatory- and respiratory-cause mortality, with the effect of cold being greater for respiratory causes. Socio-economic factors -both of adaptation and demographic- could account for this sharp decrease in mortality associated with low temperatures. These results question climate models which predict the effects of cold over long-term time horizons, while maintaining the risk attributable to low temperatures constant. Studies similar to ours should be undertaken in other regions to confirm whether it is solely local characteristics that explain this pattern or, on the contrary, whether the pattern is generalised.  相似文献   

Non‐Metabolic Uptake of Al3+ by Dead Leaves of Rubus ulmifolius: Comparison With Metabolic Bioaccumulation Data          下载免费PDF全文

Pablo Lodeiro  Marta López‐García  Luz Herrero  José L. Barriada  Roberto Herrero  Leticia Carro  Teresa Vilariño  Pilar Rodríguez  Manuel E. Sastre de Vicente 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2016,44(2):154-161

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Operational and Environmental Conditions for Efficient Biological Nutrient Removal in an Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant          下载免费PDF全文

Javier Bayo  Joaquín López‐Castellanos  Julio Puerta 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2016,44(9):1123-1130

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Climate Change Impact on Hydrological Extremes: Preliminary Results from the Polish-Norwegian Project   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Renata J. Romanowicz  Ewa Bogdanowicz  Sisay E. Debele  Joanna Doroszkiewicz  Hege Hisdal  Deborah Lawrence  Hadush K. Meresa  Jaroslaw J. Napiórkowski  Marzena Osuch  Witold G. Strupczewski  Donna Wilson  Wai Kwok Wong 《Acta Geophysica》2016,64(2):477-509

This paper presents the background, objectives, and preliminary outcomes from the first year of activities of the Polish–Norwegian project CHIHE (Climate Change Impact on Hydrological Extremes). The project aims to estimate the influence of climate changes on extreme river flows (low and high) and to evaluate the impact on the frequency of occurrence of hydrological extremes. Eight “twinned” catchments in Poland and Norway serve as case studies. We present the procedures of the catchment selection applied in Norway and Poland and a database consisting of near-natural ten Polish and eight Norwegian catchments constructed for the purpose of climate impact assessment. Climate projections for selected catchments are described and compared with observations of temperature and precipitation available for the reference period. Future changes based on those projections are analysed and assessed for two periods, the near future (2021–2050) and the far-future (2071–2100). The results indicate increases in precipitation and temperature in the periods and regions studied both in Poland and Norway.  相似文献   

Daily reference evapotranspiration modeling by using genetic programming approach in the Basque Country (Northern Spain)     

Jalal Shiri  Özgur Kişi  Gorka Landeras  José Javier López  Amir Hossein Nazemi  Louis C.P.M. Stuyt 《Journal of Hydrology》2012

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Biofiltration of fishpond effluents and accumulation of N-compounds (phycobiliproteins and mycosporine-like amino acids) versus C-compounds (polysaccharides) in Hydropuntia cornea (Rhodophyta)     

Figueroa FL  Korbee N  Abdala R  Jerez CG  López-de la Torre M  Güenaga L  Larrubia MA  Gómez-Pinchetti JL 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,64(2):310-318

The biofiltration capacity, biomass-yield and accumulation of N- and C-compounds of Hydropuntia cornea were analyzed. Algae were grown in different conditions for 28 d: outdoor and indoor, with or without fishpond effluents. N-uptake efficiency of these effluents was higher than 95% after 7 d both outdoors and indoors. N-enriched conditions reduced the extent of photoinhibition and increased the maximal quantum yield in H. cornea. The biomass-yield was higher in outdoor grown-algae after 7 d and decreased independently of the treatment after 28 d. N, acid polysaccharide (AP) and mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA)-yields decreased throughout the experiment in all conditions. The highest MAA-yield was observed in fishpond effluent outdoor-grown algae, indicating a positive effect of increased radiation on MAA accumulation. However, APs were higher under N-depleted conditions. The use of MAAs as UV-screening and antioxidants, and the use of AP as immunostimulants are discussed.  相似文献   

Ground-Motion Hazard Values for Northern Algeria   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

M. Hamdache  J. A. Peláez  A. Talbi  M. Mobarki  C. López Casado 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2012,169(4):711-723

This study examines distinctive features of ground motion parameters in northern Algeria. An initial computation of seismic hazard in terms of horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) at different periods, damped at 5%, is carried out for three different types of soils (rock, stiff soils and soft soils) for return periods of 100 and 475 years. In addition, uniform hazard spectra (UHS) are computed for these two return periods at several locations in the region. Then, the UHS computed for different soil types are proposed as a starting point to define elastic design spectra for building-code purposes. We have used the well-known Newmark-Hall approach. As proposed in the most recent International Building Codes, the SA (0.2 s) value is used to establish the spectral region for lower periods (region controlled by acceleration), whereas the SA (1.0 s) value is used to establish the spectral region for intermediate periods (region controlled by velocity). We also obtained important relations, dependent on site condition, between SA (0.2 s), SA (1.0 s) or SA_max values, and the PGA, for both return periods of 100 and 475 years. Other relationships between PGA or SA_max values have also been derived for return periods of 100 and 475 years, in this case independent of site condition.  相似文献   

How do early successional patterns in man-made wetlands differ between cold temperate and Mediterranean regions?     

Albert Ruhí  Jan Herrmann  Stéphanie Gascón  Jordi Sala  Dani Boix 《Limnologica》2012,42(4):328-339

The early stages of succession in newly created wetlands should be impacted by the region in which the wetland is located, since climate may have filtered the dominant biological strategies of the taxa leading this process and may condition their dynamics. We studied the early successional patterns of macroinvertebrates within man made ponds, located in cold temperate (Scandinavian Peninsula) and Mediterranean regions (Iberian Peninsula), during the first three years following their creation. We predicted (1) non random subsets of the regional species pool (deterministic assembly) guiding the successional process in cold temperate wetlands, and random (stochastic) assembly in the Mediterranean region; (2) higher successional rates in Mediterranean ponds than in the cold temperate ponds, with contrary episodes of highest and lowest change throughout the year; and (3) a significant difference in the composition of biological traits between regions, due to the dominance of traits adapted to hydrological variability in the Mediterranean region. Hypotheses on community structure (1) and the composition of dominant biological traits (3) were mostly supported – deterministic assembly mechanisms in the cold temperate ponds and stochastic assembly in the Mediterranean ponds; and a dominance of different biological traits between regions, explained by the need to overcome hydrological disturbances in the Mediterranean ponds. The dynamics of succession (2) were explained by climatic factors in the cold temperate region but not in the Mediterranean ponds. We suggest that the intrinsic hydrological variability of Mediterranean lentic systems may be a major factor driving community changes in man-made wetlands in this region. In order to generalize the observed patterns, we performed a meta-analysis of the temporal trends of taxonomic distinctness parameters of other successional studies across a latitudinal gradient in Europe, which supported the differences we had observed between latitudinal extremes.  相似文献   

Distribution and thickness of sedimentary facies in the coastal dune, beach and nearshore sedimentary system at Maspalomas, Canary Islands   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Angela Fontán Bouzas  Javier Alcántara-Carrió  Isabel Montoya Montes  Andrés Barranco Ojeda  Silvia Albarracín  Jorge Rey Díaz de Rada  Jorge Rey Salgado 《Geo-Marine Letters》2013,33(2-3):117-127

Numerous studies have shown that most beaches and coastal dune systems of the world are currently eroding but very few have investigated the combined sediment budgets of subaerial and nearshore submarine systems. In the case of the dune field of the Maspalomas Natural Special Reserve (in the south of Gran Canaria), the adjacent Maspalomas and El Inglés beaches and the adjacent submarine platform, the sediment budgets have been severely affected by erosion over the past few decades. The objectives of this study were to investigate the availability of sand within the modern sedimentary system, including the coastal dunes, the beaches and the submerged shelf, but also to assess local sediment sinks. An isopach map generated on the basis of topo-bathymetric data and seismic-reflection profiles revealed that sediment thickness varies from 0–22 m in the study area. Expanses of relatively low sediment thickness were identified in the south-western sector of the coastal dune field along Maspalomas beach, and in the nearshore region to the south of this beach. These localized sediment-deficit areas earmark Maspalomas beach as the most vulnerable shore strip threatened by erosion. The shallow seismic data also revealed that the submarine platform south of Maspalomas represents a marine terrace cut into an ancient alluvial fan, thus documenting an influence of the geomorphological heritage on the present-day morphodynamics. A side-scan sonar mosaic of this nearshore platform enabled the delimitation of areas covered by rock, boulders and gravel, vegetated sand patches and a mobile sand facies, the latter including ripple and megaripple fields. The megaripple field in a valley close to the talus of the marine terrace has been identified as a major sediment sink of the Maspalomas sedimentary system. It is fed by south-westerly storm-wave events. The sediment deficit in the coastal dune field and along Maspalomas beach can therefore only be explained by a currently faster loss of sediment to an offshore sink than can be compensated by the supply of sand from outside the system.  相似文献