Preface     

A.E. Beck 《Tectonophysics》1985,121(1):VII-IX

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Eliminierung und Rückgewinnung von Metallionen aus Abwässern — eine Übersicht     

R. Kümmel  F. Winkler  R. Beck 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1984,12(3):227-237

The present state and the trends of the recovery of heavy metals from wastewaters are presented. The classical precipitation techniques are insatisfactory due to increases of solubility in the presence of impurity ions and/or complexing agents. At present, ion-exchange processes constitute the most frequently used method of metal recycling with an effective enrichment of metal ions. For the effective separation of metals from solutions of a low concentration the electrolytic reduction demands large electrode surface areas. In cells with fixed-bed or fluidized cathodes one can obtain specific electrode surface areas of some 10³ m²/m^m3. For the future, processes of extraction and especially membrane separation will gain in importance. In the past few years, a large number of highly selective metal extracting agents as well as the liquid membrane permeation with suitable carriers were developed. Combinations of membrane separation processes with chemical reactions may attain the same importance, as e.g. ultrafiltration in connection with the fixation of metal ions to watersoluble polymers. In the long run, especially techniques will prevail which will not only result in metal enrichment but also in the recovery of the raw material water.  相似文献   

Industrial decentralisation in South Africa: tool of Apartheid or spontaneous restructuring?     

Dr. Paul Wellings  Mr. Anthony Black 《GeoJournal》1986,12(2):137-149

Industrial decentralisation (ID) has been a central component of South Africa's regional strategy for over twenty years. Until recently, though, the programme has evinced little interest amongst industrialists. The fact that ID policy has been premised upon political rather than economic considerations has been thought to lie at the root of this failure. Following recent developments, however, this view is being reassessed. The reorganisation of ID policy in 1982 and the dramatic acceleration in the rate of industrial relocations that this reorganisation appears to have induced, has led theorists to revise their thinking on both the economic and political imperatives underpinning the programme. The purpose of this paper is to review the debates that are now developing concerning ID in South Africa, and to suggest where further research and analysis might be most profitably directed.  相似文献   

Seismic interaction at separation joints of an instrumented concrete bridge     

Praveen K. Malhotra  Moh J. Huang  Anthony F. Shakal 《地震工程与结构动力学》1995,24(8):1055-1067

A multi-span, curved, concrete box-girder bridge has been extensively instrumented by the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) in cooperation with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). On 28 June 1992, the bridge was shaken by the magnitude 7–5 Landers and magnitude 6–6 Big Bear earthquakes in southern California. The epicentres of these earthquakes were 50 and 29 miles (81 and 46 km) from the bridge, respectively. All 34 strong-motion sensors installed on the bridge recorded the response to these earthquakes and provided an insightful set of data. A striking aspect of the response is the presence of intermittent sharp spikes in nearly all of the acceleration records from sensors at the deck of the bridge. Among these the highest spike was 0.8g for the Landers and 1.0g for the Big Bear earthquake. The peak ground acceleration at the bridge site was only about 0.1g for both these earthquakes. With the aid of visual examination and simple analysis it is deduced that (1) the spikes were caused by forces generated at separation joints by impacts and stretching of the cable restrainers between adjacent bridge segments; (2) the forces of impacts and cable stretching are directly proportional to the size of the spikes and can be estimated by the use of a simple formula; and (3) the spikes travelled from their source to other locations on the bridge with the velocity of a compression wave propagating through concrete.  相似文献   

Regional Energy Demand Responses To Climate Change: Methodology And Application To The Commonwealth Of Massachusetts   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

Anthony D. Amato  Matthias Ruth  Paul Kirshen  James Horwitz 《Climatic change》2005,71(1-2):175-201

Climate is a major determinant of energy demand. Changes in climate may alter energy demand as well as energy demand patterns. This study investigates the implications of climate change for energy demand under the hypothesis that impacts are scale dependent due to region-specific climatic variables, infrastructure, socioeconomic, and energy use profiles. In this analysis we explore regional energy demand responses to climate change by assessing temperature-sensitive energy demand in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The study employs a two-step estimation and modeling procedure. The first step evaluates the historic temperature sensitivity of residential and commercial demand for electricity and heating fuels, using a degree-day methodology. We find that when controlling for socioeconomic factors, degree-day variables have significant explanatory power in describing historic changes in residential and commercial energy demands. In the second step, we assess potential future energy demand responses to scenarios of climate change. Model results are based on alternative climate scenarios that were specifically derived for the region on the basis of local climatological data, coupled with regional information from available global climate models. We find notable changes with respect to overall energy consumption by, and energy mix of the residential and commercial sectors in the region. On the basis of our findings, we identify several methodological issues relevant to the development of climate change impact assessments of energy demand.  相似文献   

Towards evaluating cloud response to climate change using clustering technique identification of cloud regimes     

Keith D. Williams  Catherine A. Senior  Anthony Slingo  John F. B. Mitchell 《Climate Dynamics》2005,24(7-8):701-719

Most of the discrepancies in the climate sensitivity of general circulation models (GCMs) are believed to be due to differences in cloud radiative feedback. Analysis of cloud response to climate change in different ‘regimes’ may offer a more detailed understanding of how the cloud response differs between GCMs. In which case, evaluation of simulated cloud regimes against observations in terms of both their cloud properties and frequency of occurrence will assist in assessing confidence in the cloud response to climate change in a particular GCM. In this study, we use a clustering technique on International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) data and on ISCCP-like diagnostics from two versions of the Hadley Centre GCM to identify cloud regimes over four different geographical regions. The two versions of the model are evaluated against observational data and their cloud response to climate change compared within the cloud regime framework. It is found that cloud clusters produced by the more recent GCM, HadSM4, compare more favourably with observations than HadSM3. In response to climate change, although the net cloud response over particular regions is often different in the two models, in several instances the same basic processes may be seen to be operating. Overall, both changes in the frequency of occurrence of cloud regimes and changes in the properties (optical depth and cloud top height) of the cloud regimes contribute to the cloud response to climate change.  相似文献   

An energy-duration procedure for rapid determination of earthquake magnitude and tsunamigenic potential   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anthony Lomax  Alberto Michelini  Alessio Piatanesi 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,170(3):1195-1209

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Self-organised clustering for road extraction in classified imagery     

Peter Doucette  Peggy Agouris  Anthony Stefanidis  Mohamad Musavi 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2001,55(5-6)

The extraction of road networks from digital imagery is a fundamental image analysis operation. Common problems encountered in automated road extraction include high sensitivity to typical scene clutter in high-resolution imagery, and inefficiency to meaningfully exploit multispectral imagery (MSI). With a ground sample distance (GSD) of less than 2 m per pixel, roads can be broadly described as elongated regions. We propose an approach of elongated region-based analysis for 2D road extraction from high-resolution imagery, which is suitable for MSI, and is insensitive to conventional edge definition. A self-organising road map (SORM) algorithm is presented, inspired from a specialised variation of Kohonen's self-organising map (SOM) neural network algorithm. A spectrally classified high-resolution image is assumed to be the input for our analysis. Our approach proceeds by performing spatial cluster analysis as a mid-level processing technique. This allows us to improve tolerance to road clutter in high-resolution images, and to minimise the effect on road extraction of common classification errors. This approach is designed in consideration of the emerging trend towards high-resolution multispectral sensors. Preliminary results demonstrate robust road extraction ability due to the non-local approach, when presented with noisy input.  相似文献   

The Late Maunder Minimum (1675–1715) – A Key Period forStudying Decadal Scale Climatic Change in Europe     

J. Luterbacher  R. Rickli  E. Xoplaki  C. Tinguely  C. Beck  C. Pfister  H. Wanner 《Climatic change》2001,49(4):441-462

The Late Maunder Minimum (LMM, 1675–1715) denotes the climax of the `Little Ice Age' in Europe with marked climate variability. Investigations into interannual and interdecadal differences of atmospheric circulation between the LMM and the period 1961–1990 have been performedand undertaken based upon sea level pressure (SLP) difference maps, empiricalorthogonal function (EOF) analysis, and objective classification techniques. Since the SLP during the LMM winterwas significantly higher in northeastern Europe but below normal over the central and western Mediterranean, more frequent blocking situations were connected with cold air outbreaks towards central and eastern Europe. Springs were cold and characterized by a southward shift of the mid-latitude storm tracks. Summers in western, central Europe and northern Europe were wetter and slightly cooler than they are today due to a weakerAzores high and a more southerly position of the mean polar front axes. Autumns showed a significantly higher pressure over northern Europe and a lower pressure over continental Europe and the Mediterranean, an indication of an advanced change from summer to winter circulation. It is suggested that the pressure patterns during parts of the LMM might be attributed to the combination of external forcing factors (solar irradiance and volcanic activity) and internal oscillations and couplings in the North Atlantic.  相似文献   

Corrigendum to “Global ice volumes at the Last Glacial Maximum and early Lateglacial” [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 181 (2000) 513–527]     

Kurt Lambeck  Yusuke Yokoyama  Paul Johnston  Anthony Purcell 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2001,190(3-4):275

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