Derivation of Structure Parameters of Temperature and Humidity in the Convective Boundary Layer from Large-Eddy Simulations and Implications for the Interpretation of Scintillometer Observations     

Björn Maronga  Arnold F. Moene  Daniëlle van Dinther  Siegfried Raasch  Fred C. Bosveld  Beniamino Gioli 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,148(1):1-30

We derive the turbulent structure parameters of temperature $C_{T}^2$ and humidity $C_q^2$ from high-resolution large-eddy simulations (LES) of a homogeneously-heated convective boundary layer. Boundary conditions and model forcing were derived from measurements at Cabauw in The Netherlands. Three different methods to obtain the structure-parameters from LES are investigated. The shape of the vertical structure-parameter profiles from all three methods compare well with former experimental and LES results. Depending on the method, deviations in the magnitude up to a factor of two are found and traced back to the effects of discretization and numerical dissipation of the advection scheme. Furthermore, we validate the LES data with airborne and large-aperture scintillometer (LAS) measurements at Cabauw. Virtual path measurements are used to study the variability of $C_{T}^2$ in the mixed layer and surface layer and its implications for airborne and LAS measurements. A high variability of $C_{T}^2$ along a given horizontal path in the LES data is associated with plumes (high values) and downdrafts (low values). The path average of $C_{T}^2$ varies rapidly in time due to the limited path length. The LES results suggest that measured path averages require sufficient temporal averaging and an adequate ratio of path length to height above the ground for the LAS in order to approach the domain average of $C_{T}^2$ .  相似文献   

First composition measurements of positive ions in the upper troposphere     

F. Arnold  H. Heitmann  K. Oberfrank 《Planetary and Space Science》1984,32(12):1567-1576

First mass-spectrometric composition measurements of atmospheric ions between 3250 and 11700 m altitude are reported. They reveal the presence of very massive cluster ions, the majority of which cannot be attributed to a single hydrated ion family like, for example H⁺(H₂O)_n. The observed fraction of very massive ions increases with decreasing altitude. Masses as large as about 540 amu were observed at 8200 m altitude. Implications of the observations for ion and nucleation processes are discussed.  相似文献   

Silicon negative ion chemistry in the atmosphere-in situ and laboratory measurements     

A.A. Viggiano  F. Arnold  D.W. Fahey  F.C. Fehsenfeld  E.E. Ferguson 《Planetary and Space Science》1982,30(5):499-506

The results of a rocket-borne mass spectrometer measurement indicate that large concentrations of negative ions exist above the bottom of the atmospheric atomic oxygen layer. A large majority of these ions have a mass greater than 100 amu. In addition, an ion at mass 76 was observed with concentrations too large to be CO₄^?. In order to explain these features, a number of reactions involving silicon oxide negative ions have been measured in a flowing afterglow system. The ion SiO₃^? is produced by reaction of O₃^?, and CO₃^?, with SiO. The SiO₃^? ion is extremely stable and does not react measurably with NO, NO₂, CO, CO₂, O₃ or O. Since meteoroid ablation produces a large silicon input into the atmosphere, it appears possible that the ions observed at mass 76 may be SiO₃^?. Possible production mechanisms for this ion as well as the heavy ions are discussed.  相似文献   

One Hundredth Anniversary: Geographical Society of Finland     

Arnold Alanen  Robert Morrill 《The Professional geographer》1989,41(2):206-207

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The Infrared Transmission Spectrum of the Salzwedel Meteorite     

C. Wagner  G. Arnold  R. Wsch 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1988,23(1):93-94

Abstract— The paper presents the infrared transmission spectrum of the Salzwedel meteorite. Further, the spectrum is used to characterize the meteorite's mineralogical composition.  相似文献   

Predicting copper toxicity in estuarine and marine waters using the Biotic Ligand Model   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Arnold WR  Santore RC  Cotsifas JS 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,50(12):1634-1640

The Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) has proven efficient in predicting the toxicity of a variety of metals to freshwater organisms. Consequently, the US EPA has proposed its use for calculating freshwater copper criteria. This study evaluates the BLM for use in estuarine and marine waters. Studies were conducted using the bivalve, Mytilus sp. and 48-h embryo-larval development chronic estimator test methods. These are the most sensitive taxa and test in the US EPA saltwater copper criteria database. Samples from five locations around the USA were tested. There is a strong relationship between measured and BLM predicted copper EC50s (log transformed data, r² = 0.76, p < 0.001, n = 44). The BLM predicted within a factor ±2 of measured EC50s in 41 of 44 cases. However, the BLM tends to predict lower EC50s when measured EC50s are approximately 10 μg Cu/L. This may be due to limitations of the metal-dissolved organic matter interaction model.  相似文献   

GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION -A REGULATORY FRAMEWORK     

Arnold Schiffman 《Ground water》1988,26(5):554-558

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Problems in turbidite research: A need for COMFAN     

William R. Normark  Emiliano Mutti  Arnold H. Bouma 《Geo-Marine Letters》1984,3(2-4):53-56

Comparison of modern submarine fans and ancient turbidite sequences is still in its infancy, mainly because of the incompatibility of study approaches. Research on modern fan systems mainly deals with morphologic aspects and surficial sediments, while observations on ancient turbidite formations are mostly directed to vertical sequences. The lack of a common data set also results from different scales of observation. To review the current status of modern and ancient turbidite research, an international group of specialists formed COMFAN (Committee on Fans) and met in September 1982 at the Gulf Research and Development Company research facilities in Pennsylvania. Margin setting represents fan and/or source area  相似文献   

Gap flow measurements during the Mesoscale Alpine Programme     

G. J. Mayr  L. Armi  S. Arnold  R. M. Banta  L. S. Darby  D. D. Durran  C. Flamant  S. Gaberšek  A. Gohm  R. Mayr  S. Mobbs  L. B. Nance  I. Vergeiner  J. Vergeiner  C. D. Whiteman 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2004,86(1-2):99-119

Summary The lowest pass through the Alpine crest, the Brenner Pass, was heavily instrumented with ground-based and air-borne in-situ and remote sensors during the Special Observation Period (SOP) of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) in the fall of 1999 to study gap flow. The main objectives were to study the combined effects of changes of terrain height and changes of width in altering the flow characteristics, to investigate the coupling of the gap flow to the flow aloft, and to provide high-density measurements in the along- and cross-gap directions.Gap flows occurred during one third of the 70-day SOP, a frequency above the long term average. Gap flows took place with and without accompanying cross-barrier flow and with and without a capping inversion. A case study demonstrates the hydraulic jump-like features that occurred in gap flow on 30 October 1999 and illustrates the types of data available for further analyses.  相似文献   

Boron isotopes as an artificial tracer     

Quast KW  Lansey K  Arnold R  Bassett RL  Rincon M 《Ground water》2006,44(3):453-466

A field study was conducted using a combination of intrinsic and artificial tracers to estimate travel times and dilution during transport of infiltrate from a reclaimed water infiltration basin to nearby monitoring wells. A major study objective was to validate boric acid enriched in (10)B as an artificial tracer. Basin 10E at the Rio Hondo Spreading Grounds in Whittier, California, was the site of the test. The basin normally receives a mixture of treated municipal waste water, purchased State Project water, and local runoff from the San Gabriel River. Approximately 3.5 kg of (10)B-enriched boric acid was dispersed among 2.05 x 10(5) m(3) of basin water to initiate the experiment. The resultant median delta(11)B in the infiltration basin was -71 per thousand. Prior to tracer addition, the basin water had an intrinsic delta(11)B of +2 per thousand. Local monitoring wells that were used to assess travel times had delta(11)B values of +5 per thousand and +8 per thousand at the time of tracer addition. Analytic results supported an assumption that boron is conserved during ground water transport and that boron enriched in (10)B is a useful artificial tracer. Several intrinsic tracers were used to reinforce the boric acid tracer findings. These included stable isotopes of oxygen (delta(18)O) and hydrogen (deltaD), sulfate concentration, and the boron to chloride ratio. Xenon isotopes, (136)Xe and (124)Xe, also supported boron isotope results. Xenon isotopes were added to the recharge basin as dissolved gases by investigators from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.  相似文献