全文获取类型
收费全文 | 543篇 |
免费 | 27篇 |
国内免费 | 6篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 14篇 |
大气科学 | 74篇 |
地球物理 | 110篇 |
地质学 | 233篇 |
海洋学 | 22篇 |
天文学 | 103篇 |
综合类 | 2篇 |
自然地理 | 18篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2021年 | 6篇 |
2020年 | 12篇 |
2019年 | 10篇 |
2018年 | 18篇 |
2017年 | 19篇 |
2016年 | 20篇 |
2015年 | 19篇 |
2014年 | 15篇 |
2013年 | 38篇 |
2012年 | 17篇 |
2011年 | 30篇 |
2010年 | 31篇 |
2009年 | 24篇 |
2008年 | 28篇 |
2007年 | 25篇 |
2006年 | 19篇 |
2005年 | 12篇 |
2004年 | 22篇 |
2003年 | 25篇 |
2002年 | 16篇 |
2001年 | 15篇 |
2000年 | 13篇 |
1999年 | 6篇 |
1998年 | 12篇 |
1997年 | 12篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 6篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 2篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1960年 | 2篇 |
1931年 | 1篇 |
1930年 | 1篇 |
1914年 | 1篇 |
1912年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有576条查询结果,搜索用时 22 毫秒
51.
52.
Harald Geiger Ian Barnes Karl H. Becker Birger Bohn Theo Brauers Birgit Donner Hans-Peter Dorn Manfred Elend Carlos M. Freitas Dinis Dirk Grossmann Heinz Hass Holger Hein Axel Hoffmann Lars Hoppe Frank Hülsemann Dieter Kley Björn Klotz Hans G. Libuda Tobias Maurer Djuro Mihelcic Geert K. Moortgat Romeo Olariu Peter Neeb Dirk Poppe Lars Ruppert Claudia G. Sauer Oleg Shestakov Holger Somnitz William R. Stockwell Lars P. Thüner Andreas Wahner Peter Wiesen Friedhelm Zabel Reinhard Zellner Cornelius Zetzsch 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2002,42(1):323-357
Within the German Tropospheric Research Programme (TFS) numerous kinetic and mechanistic studies on the tropospheric reaction/degradation of the following reactants were carried out: oxygenated VOC, aromatic VOC, biogenic VOC, short-lived intermediates, such as alkoxy and alkylperoxy radicals.At the conception of the projects these selected groups were classes of VOC or intermediates for which the atmospheric oxidation mechanisms were either poorly characterised or totally unknown. The motivation for these studies was the attainment of significant improvements in our understanding of the atmospheric chemical oxidation processes of these compounds, particularly with respect to their involvement in photooxidant formation in the troposphere. In the present paper the types of experimental investigations performed and the results obtained within the various projects are briefly summarised. The major achievements are highlighted and discussed in terms of their contribution to improving our understanding of the chemical processes controlling photosmog formation in the troposphere. 相似文献
53.
Hofmann Y. Jahr T. Jentzsch G. Bankwitz P. Bram K. 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2000,44(4):608-610
The Vogtland and NW Bohemia are characterized geoscientifically by periodically occurrence of swarm earthquakes. The basic geophysical mechanism is not yet sufficiently clarified, just like detail questions to geology in especially the deeper underground. Complex geophysical investigations in the seismoactive region indicate geodynamic phenomena like mass redistribution or stress accumulation and release (Spiák et al., 1998). According to Grünthal (1989) a weakness zone is suggested in the region of the swarm earthquakes. This zone can be caused by fluid-tectonics (Kämpf et al., 1992), a mantle plume (pers. com. J. Svancara, 1999) and/or by the geometry of the geological structures (Neunhöfer & Güth, 1988). A three-dimensional gravimetric model can clear up the underground situation. By means of high-resolution gravimetry a three-dimensional model will be developped for the Vogtland and NW Bohemia region. In the first step a homogeneous Bouguer map of the Vogtland and NW Bohemia was created (fig. 1) containing gravity structures analysed by Ibrmajer & Suk (1989) and Blízkovsky et al. (1985). The used gravimetric data were made available by the Saxonian National Office for Environment and Geology, by the Czech Geological Survey, Prague and by the GGA Hannover.
In the context with the interpretation of the deep-seismic profile MVE 90 a two-dimensional gravimetric modeling was carried out (Behr et al., 1994), too. Anomaly-producing source bodies apparently do not offer themselves in a two-dimensional model, because after Jung (1961) the length of a gravimetric source structure must be about four times larger than it's width. The technique of the three-dimensional gravimetric modeling by means of any polyhedrons was developed by Götze (1976, 1984). Gravimetry is a potential method and supplies an infinite number of solutions, so the model has to be developed close to other geoscientific results. The aim is to construct a high-resolution three-dimensional underground model, which includes the upper earth's crust and the deep-seated structures of the middle and lower crust, too. The determination of the mass distribution in the underground supplies contradicting or supporting facts for geodynamic views in the Vogtland and NW Bohemia for example of Bankwitz et al. (1993). The interpretation of the Bouguer map of the Vogtland and a three-dimensional gravimetric model ought to contribute a substantial, also geodynamic part to understand the origin and the emergence of the swarm earthquakes in this region. 相似文献
54.
Stress Sensitivity of Seismic and Electric Rock Properties of the Upper Continental Crust at the KTB
We test the hypothesis that the general trend of P-wave and S-wave sonic log velocities and resistivity with depth in the pilot hole of the KTB site Germany, can be explained by the progressive
closure of the compliant porosity with increasingly effective pressure. We introduce a quantity θc characterizing the stress sensitivity of the mentioned properties. An analysis of the downhole measurements showed that estimates
of the quantitiy θc for seismic velocities and electrical formation factor of the in situ formation coincide. Moreover, this quantity is 3.5 to 4.5 times larger than the averaged stress sensitivity obtained from
core samples. We conclude that the hypothesis mentioned above is consistent with both data sets. Moreover, since θc corresponds approximately to the inverse of the effective crack aspect ratio, larger in situ estimates of θc might reflect the influence of fractures and faults on the stress sensitivity of the crystalline formation in contrast to
the stress sensitivity of the nearly intact core samples. Finally, because the stress sensitivity is directly related to the
elastic nonlinearity we conclude that the elastic nonlinearity (i.e., deviation from linear stress-strain relationship i.e.,
Hooke's law) of the KTB rocks is significantly larger in situ than in the laboratory. 相似文献
55.
Using paleoclimate proxy-data to select optimal realisations in an ensemble of simulations of the climate of the past millennium 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hugues Goosse Hans Renssen Axel Timmermann Raymond S. Bradley Michael E. Mann 《Climate Dynamics》2006,27(2-3):165-184
We present and describe in detail the advantages and limitations of a technique that combines in an optimal way model results and proxy-data time series in order to obtain states of the climate system consistent with model physics, reconstruction of past radiative forcing and proxy records. To achieve this goal, we select among an ensemble of simulations covering the last millennium performed with a low-resolution 3-D climate model the ones that minimise a cost function. This cost function measures the misfit between model results and proxy records. In the framework of the tests performed here, an ensemble of 30 to 40 simulations appears sufficient to reach reasonable correlations between model results and reconstructions, in configurations for which a small amount of data is available as well as in data-rich areas. Preliminary applications of the technique show that it can be used to provide reconstructions of past large-scale temperature changes, complementary to the ones obtained by statistical methods. Furthermore, as model results include a representation of atmospheric and oceanic circulations, it can be used to provide insights into some amplification mechanisms responsible for past temperature changes. On the other hand, if the number of proxy records is too low, it could not be used to provide reconstructions of past changes at a regional scale. 相似文献
56.
Axel Kleidon 《Climatic change》2007,85(3-4):259-266
In his critique of Kleidon (Clim Change 66:271–319, 2004), Volk (Clim Change 85:3–4, 2007) concludes that maximum entropy production (MEP) has no great relevance for biological evolution and the time history of
life on Earth. I think that most of his points are not justified but rather reflect (a) a lack of appreciation of the central
importance of entropy production as the “universal currency” that measures what keeps systems working, including the biosphere,
(b) a misunderstanding of how biotic activity is embedded in the global entropy budget, and (c) a lack of distinction between
optimal environmental conditions that maximize productivity and result from environmental tradeoffs versus optimal function
of organisms to some internal tradeoffs. The examples that he uses to support his conclusions show flaws in that these mostly
discuss single environmental effects and immediate system responses. Optimal environmental conditions, however, requires at
least two effects that result in a trade-off, so it is not surprising that his examples seem to contradict optimality and
MEP. And the immediate response of a system to change can be very different than the response in steady state, for which MEP
applies. This is specifically important to be considered in the context of the “cheater” problem. In summary, I do not think
that Volk makes convincing arguments that contradict MEP, although I certainly agree that there is a lot more work to be done
to fully recognize the great importance that thermodynamics and MEP play in shaping the Earth’s biosphere and its evolutionary
history. 相似文献
57.
Axel Müller 《Geology Today》2007,23(3):114-120
Rapakivi granites, especially the famous rapakivis from southern Finland, are some of the most attractive building and decorative stones, used world-wide because of their striking textures and beautiful colours. But rapakivi granites are more than just building material, they have also been studied scientifically for over 100 years to try to explain the formation of their plagioclase-mantled alkali feldspar ovoids, the rapakivi feldspars which are responsible for the unique texture of the rock. Despite all the work which has been done on them, the formation of this distinctive texture is still not fully understood. Rapakivi granite complexes are not just a 'pretty face', they are also associated with important tin deposits in Rondônia and Amazonas in Brazil. 相似文献
58.
Timur Ustaomer Petek Ayda Ustaömer Alastair H. F. Robertson Axel Gerdes 《International Geology Review》2020,62(9):1159-1186
ABSTRACT Zircons from Carboniferous sandstones (three samples) and Mid-Late Triassic sandstones (four samples) from the Tauride and Anatolide continental units were analysed for U-Pb-Hf isotopes. For comparison, zircons were also analysed from Carboniferous granites of the Afyon Zone, Anatolides (three samples). A NE African/Arabian source is inferred for both the Carboniferous sandstones of the Taurides (Alada?) and the Anatolides (Konya Complex). In contrast, the Carboniferous Karaburun Melange is characterised by a NW African provenance. A prominent Devonian population occurs in the Carboniferous Karaburun Melange, characterised by mainly positive εHf(t) values that differ significantly from those of the Devonian granites of the Sakarya continental crustal unit (Pontides). Middle-Late Triassic Tauride sandstones include minor Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic zircons. In contrast, Devonian and Carboniferous zircons are relatively abundant in Late Triassic sandstones of the Karaburun Peninsula. The Hf isotopic compositions of 25 Carboniferous-aged zircons from three samples of Mid-Late Triassic sandstone and one of Late Carboniferous age (one sample) overlap with the εHf(t) values of Carboniferous arc-type granites in the Anatolides. Taking account of the available U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic data from comparative crustal units, the Devonian zircon populations from the melanges in the Karaburun Peninsula and the Konya Complex are inferred to have a westerly source (e.g. granitic rocks of Aegean region or central Europe). A tectonic model is proposed in which Palaeozoic Tethys sutured during the late Carboniferous in the west (Aegean region westwards), leaving an eastward-widening oceanic gulf in which sandstone turbidites accumulated, including Devonian zircons. 相似文献
59.
K. Bernlöhr W. Hofmann G. Leffers V. Matheis M. Panter R. Zink 《Astroparticle Physics》1998,8(4):253-264
Data taken with ten Cosmic Ray Tracking (CRT) detectors and the HEGRA air-shower array on La Palma, Canary Islands, have been analysed to investigate changes of the cosmic
ay mass composition at the ‘knee’ of the cosmic-ray flux spectrum near 1015 eV energy. The analysis is based on the angular distributions of particles in air showers. HEGRA data provided the shower size, direction, and core position and CRT data the particle track information. It is shown that the angular distribution of muons in air showers is sensitive to the composition over a wide range of shower sizes and, thus, primary cosmic-ray energies with little systematic uncertainties. Results can be easily expressed in terms of ln A of primary cosmic rays. In the lower part of the energy range covered, we have considerable overlap with direct composition measurements by the JACEE collaboration and find compatible results in the observed rise of ln A. Above about 1015 eV energy we find no or at most a slow further rise of ln A. Simple cosmic-ray composition models are presented which are fully consistent with our results as well as the JACEE flux and composition measurements and the flux measurements of the Tibet ASγ collaboration. Minimal three-parameter composition models defined by the same power-law slope of all elements below the knee and a common change in slope at a fixed rigidity are inconsistent with these data. 相似文献
60.
André F. Lotter H. John B. Birks Wolfgang Hofmann Aldo Marchetto 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1998,19(4):443-463
Surface sediments from 68 small lakes in the Alps and 9 well-dated sediment core samples that cover a gradient of total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of 6 to 520 g TP l-1 were studied for diatom, chrysophyte cyst, cladocera, and chironomid assemblages. Inference models for mean circulation log10 TP were developed for diatoms, chironomids, and benthic cladocera using weighted-averaging partial least squares. After screening for outliers, the final transfer functions have coefficients of determination (r2, as assessed by cross-validation, of 0.79 (diatoms), 0.68 (chironomids), and 0.49 (benthic cladocera). Planktonic cladocera and chrysophytes show very weak relationships to TP and no TP inference models were developed for these biota. Diatoms showed the best relationship with TP, whereas the other biota all have large secondary gradients, suggesting that variables other than TP have a strong influence on their composition and abundance. Comparison with other diatom – TP inference models shows that our model has high predictive power and a low root mean squared error of prediction, as assessed by cross-validation. 相似文献