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51.
Garnet peridotite xenoliths in South African kimberlite pipes and their petrogenesis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Whole rock analyses are presented for nine garnet peridotite, two garnet pyroxenite, one garnet free peridotite and two highly altered garnet peridotite xenoliths from South African kimberlite pipes. Garnets from eight of these samples have also been chemically analysed, while olivine compositions in the twelve fresh samples have been estimated by X-ray diffraction. The chemistry and mineralogy of these specimens are compared with the results of previous studies, and the controversies concerning the petrogenesis of these xenoliths are discussed in detail. 相似文献
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Clint N. Dawson Héctor Klíe Mary F. Wheeler Carol S. Woodward 《Computational Geosciences》1997,1(3-4):215-249
A new parallel solution technique is developed for the fully implicit three‐dimensional two‐phase flow model. An expandedcell‐centered finite difference scheme which allows for a full permeability tensor is employed for the spatial discretization, and backwardEuler is used for the time discretization. The discrete systems are solved using a novel inexact Newton method that reuses the Krylov information generated by the GMRES linear iterative solver. Fast nonlinear convergence can be achieved by composing inexact Newton steps with quasi‐Newton steps restricted to the underlying Krylov subspace. Furthermore, robustness and efficiency are achieved with a line‐search backtracking globalization strategy for the nonlinear systems and a preconditioner for each coupled linear system to be solved. This inexact Newton method also makes use of forcing terms suggested by Eisenstat and Walker which prevent oversolving of the Jacobian systems. The preconditioner is a new two‐stage method which involves a decoupling strategy plus the separate solutions of both nonwetting‐phase pressure and saturation equations. Numerical results show that these nonlinear and linear solvers are very effective. 相似文献
54.
C. R. Paslick Alex N. Halliday R. A. Lange D. James J. B. Dawson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,125(4):277-292
Alkali basalts and nephelinites from the volcanic province of northern Tanzania contain pyroxene and nepheline that show
evidence for chemical and/or isotopic disequilibria with their host magmas. Olivine, pyroxene, nepheline and plagioclase all
appear to be partially xenocrystic in origin. Five whole rock/mineral separate pairs have been analyzed for Sr, Nd, and Pb
isotopic compositions. The 206Pb/204Pb ratios are distinct by as much as 20.94 (whole rock) vs. 19.10 (clinopyroxene separate). The Sr and Nd isotopic disequilibria
vary from insignificant in the case of nepheline, to Δ 87Sr/86Sr of 0.0002 and ΔɛNd of 0.7 in the case of clinopyroxene. The mineral chemistry of 25 samples indicates the ubiquitous presence of minerals that
did not crystallize from a liquid represented by the host rock. The northern Tanzanian magmas are peralkaline and exhibit
none of the xenocrystic phases expected from crustal assimilation. The disequilibria cannot be the result of mantle source
variations. Rather the xenocrystic phases present appear to have been derived from earlier alkali basaltic rocks or magmas
that were contaminated by the crust. Material from this earlier magma was then mixed with batches of magma that subsequently
erupted on the surface. Disequilibrium in volcanic rocks has potentially serious consequences for the use of whole rock data
to identify source reservoirs. However, mass balance calculations reveal that the 206Pb/204Pb isotopic compositions of the erupted lavas were changed by less than 0.25% as a result of this indirect crustal contamination.
Received: 15 February 1995 / Accepted: 4 May 1996 相似文献
55.
Reduced sapphirine granulite xenoliths from the Lace Kimberlite,South Africa; implications for the deep structure of the Kaapvaal Craton 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sapphirine-bearing granulites, together with sapphirine-free granulites and eclogites, occur as xenoliths in the kimberlite of the Lace diatreme that penetrates the Kaapvaal craton, S. Africa. Absence of (calculated) Fe3+ in sapphirine, garnet and sillimanite, together with presence of graphite and sulphides, suggests highly reducing conditions of metamorphism. Chemical considerations and comparisons with experimental investigations suggest metamorphism of a sedimentary (?chlorite-montmorillonite) protolith at 900–1000° C and > 10 Kb; high Cr in the assemblage may point to a basic/ultrabasic precursor. The xenoliths indicate the presence of a very-high-grade granulite terrain, possibly similar to Enderby Land (Antarctica), beneath the Kaapval craton. 相似文献
56.
Partition, not kinetics, ultimately determines the concentration of highly soluble gases in cloud droplets. Partition equations are formulated and applied to idealized air-mass thunderclouds and precipitating stratus. Contribution to aqueous concentrations from sub-cloud scavenging of highly soluble gases is estimated at between 10 and 20% under relatively unpolluted conditions. Data indicate that evaporation can produce enhancements in concentration of as much as a factor of 3. The calculations give large-scale mean coefficients of wet removal of highly soluble gases of about 2.8×10-6 s-1 (4-day residence time) for air-mass thunderclouds and precipitating stratus. Removal is so effective that the mean scale heights of these gases should be decreased to 2 km or less. The criterion of high solubility in this paper is that K
H (Henry's Law coefficient) > 105 mol l-1 atm-1. Gases that are effectively highly soluble include HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H2O2, NH3 in acid droplets, SO2 in oxidizing droplets (and probably some light amines and sulfonic acids), but not SO2 in the absence of oxidants, nor HCHO. A variation of removal coefficient and scale height with solubility is presented. A comparison of atmospheric NH3 concentrations deduced from rain NH4
+ and measured directly gives reasonable agreement. 相似文献
57.
Oxidation states of the upper mantle recorded by megacryst ilmenite in kimberlite and type A and B spinel lherzolites 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R. J. Arculus J. B. Dawson R. H. Mitchell D. A. Gust R. D. Holmes 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1984,85(1):85-94
The intrinsic oxygen fugacities of homogeneous, inclusion-free, megacryst ilmenites from the Frank Smith, Excelsior, Sekameng and Mukorob kimberlite pipes in southern Africa, and the alnöitic breccia in the Solomon Islands have been determined. Similar measurements have been made of the type A and B spinel peridotites from San Carlos in Arizona. The type A peridotites are characterised by oxygen fugacities close to the iron-wüstite buffer, similar to those of equivalent peridotite specimens from other continental and island arc environments. In strong contrast, the type B peridotites and all of the ilmenite megacrysts range between the oxygen fugacities defined by the nickelnickel oxide and fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffers. A close relationship between type B peridotites, oxidized metasomatizing fluids in the upper mantle and oxidized, silicaundersaturated magma types is suggested. It is unlikely that a solid elemental carbon phase can be an equilibrium crystallization product of kimberlite magmas if the ilmenite megacrysts represent the redox state of kimberlite melts. The ultimate source of the oxidizing fluids and the development of such a wide dispersion (>4 orders of magnitude) in oxygen fugacities of the upper mantle is not clear, but may involve recycled lithosphere, fluids from the lower mantle or result from the relatively rapid diffusion of H2, compared with other potential volatile species, in the mantle. 相似文献
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60.
Distinctive diatom assemblages may be associated with tsunami sediments and may often contrast with the assemblages found within sediments underlying the tsunami deposit as well as those associated with the modern coastal environment. Sediments associated with the 1998 tsunami that destroyed much of the Sissano lagoon area in northern Papua New Guinea have been investigated. Surface sediments from three transects across the sediment spit near Warapu have been examined for diatom content and preservation. The preservation is variable, and the data show an, often chaotic, assemblage that can be attributed to the tsunami waves incorporating and depositing diatoms from distinctive habitat zones during their runup and subsequent backwash. The diatoms identified within the Warapu sediments indicate an origin from within the inter-tidal and offshore area rather than from the beach–sand spit complex. The sand deposits disclose a high percentage, in excess of 75%, of broken diatom valves, and a predominance of centric (circular) species due to preferential preservation. The study demonstrates that the application of diatom biostratigraphy to modern tsunami deposits can be used in conjunction with other stratigraphical lines of evidence to interpret the source and provenance of historical and palaeo-tsunami deposits. 相似文献