A discrete element approach to elastic properties of layered geomaterials     

Scott R. Buechler  John R. Berger  Graham G. W. Mustoe 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(7):685-700

Discrete element methods (DEMs) are used for layered geomaterials to investigate the dependency of traditional engineering constants on material properties and loading conditions. Shear deformations and compression tests parallel and perpendicular to layering are conducted on samples of varying kerogen volume fractions, confining pressures, porosities, and layer geometries. The goal of this article is to develop a method to better characterize oil shale (a transversely isotropic layered geomaterial) while eliminating high experimental costs. The DEM simulations conducted in this study demonstrate strong dependencies of Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and shear modulus on kerogen volume fraction and porosity. Furthermore, a rule of thumb for layer thickness and particle resolution is proposed for simulation design. Results agree well with robust effective medium theories, solidify the ability of DEM to model the mechanical properties of layered heterogenous materials, and encourage the use of DEM to study more complicated layered media and material failure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

An experimental study of the formation of cubanite (CuFe2S3) in primitive meteorites          下载免费PDF全文

Eve L. Berger  Lindsay P. Keller  Dante S. Lauretta 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2015,50(1):1-14

The low‐temperature form of CuFe₂S₃, cubanite, has been identified in the CI chondrite and NASA Stardust mission collections. The presence of this mineral constrains the maximum temperature to 210 °C since the time of its formation. However, until now, the conditions under which cubanite forms were less well constrained. In order to refine the history of the time‐varying, low‐temperature fluids which existed on the CI‐chondrite parent body and Comet 81P/Wild 2 (Wild 2), we synthesized cubanite. The experimental synthesis of this mineral was achieved, for the first time, under low‐temperature aqueous conditions relevant to the CI‐chondrite parent body. Using a variant of in situ hydrothermal recrystallization, cubanite formed in aqueous experiments starting with temperatures of 150 and 200 °C, pH approximately 9, and oxygen fugacities corresponding to the iron‐magnetite buffer. The composition and structure of the cubanite were determined using electron microprobe and transmission electron microscopy techniques, respectively. The combined compositional, crystallographic, and experimental data allow us to place limits on the conditions under which the formation of cubanite is feasible, which in turn constrains the nature of the fluid phase on the CI‐chondrite parent body and Wild 2 when cubanite was forming.  相似文献   

Imaging the asymmetric dust shell around CI Cam with long baseline optical interferometry     

N. D. Thureau  J. D. Monnier  W. A. Traub  R. Millan-Gabet  E. Pedretti  J.-P. Berger  M. R. Garcia  F. P. Schloerb  A.-K. Tannirkulam 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,398(3):1309-1316

We present the first high angular resolution observation of the B[e] star/X-ray transient object CI Cam, performed with the two-telescope Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA), its upgraded three-telescope version (IOTA3T) and the Palomar Testbed Interferometer (PTI). Visibilities and closure phases were obtained using the IONIC-3 integrated optics beam combiner. CI Cam was observed in the near-infrared H and K spectral bands, wavelengths well suited to measure the size and study the geometry of the hot dust surrounding CI Cam. The analysis of the visibility data over an 8 yr period from soon after the 1998 outburst to 2006 shows that the dust visibility has not changed over the years. The visibility data show that CI Cam is elongated which confirms the disc-shape of the circumstellar environment and totally rules out the hypothesis of a spherical dust shell. Closure phase measurements show direct evidence of asymmetries in the circumstellar environment of CI Cam and we conclude that the dust surrounding CI Cam lies in an inhomogeneous disc seen at an angle. The near-infrared dust emission appears as an elliptical skewed Gaussian ring with a major axis   a = 7.58 ± 0.24 mas  , an axis ratio   r = 0.39 ± 0.03  and a position angle  θ= 35°± 2°  .  相似文献   

Modified equations for the determination of odd zonal harmonics     

Dr. Xavier Berger  Pr. Georges Ligier 《Journal of Geodesy》1978,52(2):101-105

The development of the analytical theory of the motion of an artificial satellite (Berger, 1972–1975) points out the great importance of the second, third order and coupling terms between zonal harmonics. These terms have been added to the equations established byKing-Hele andCook (1968–1973) for the determination of odd zonal harmonics. This solution is compared with theirs. It satisfies all the equations much better and especially the equations relating to near-critical inclination satellites.  相似文献   

Weak-Field Magnetogram Calibration using Advanced Stokes Polarimeter Flux-Density Maps – I. Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter Calibration     

Berger  T.E.  Lites  B.W. 《Solar physics》2002,208(2):181-210

Cotemporal Fei 630.2 nm magnetograms from the Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter (SOUP) filter and the Advanced Stokes Polarimeter (ASP) are quantitatively compared using observations of active region AR 8218, a large negative polarity sunspot group observed at S20 W22 on 13 May 1998. The SOUP instrument produces Stokes V/I `filter magnetograms' with wide field of view and spatial resolution below 0.5 arc sec in good seeing, but low spectral resolution. In contrast, the ASP uses high spectral resolution to produce very high-precision vector magnetic field maps at spatial resolution values on the order of 1 arc sec in good seeing. We use ASP inversion results to create an ASP `longitudinal magnetic flux-density map' with which to calibrate the less precise SOUP magnetograms. The magnetograms from each instrument are co-aligned with an accuracy of about 1 arc sec. Regions of invalid data, poor field-of-view overlap, and sunspots are masked out in order to calibrate SOUP predominately on the relatively vertical `weak-field' plage magnetic elements. Pixel-to-pixel statistical comparisons are used to determine the SOUP magnetogram linear calibration constant relative to ASP flux-density values. We compare three distinct methods of scaling the ASP and SOUP data to a common reference frame in order to explore filling factor effects. The recommended SOUP calibration constant is 17000 ± 550 Mx cm^–2 per polarization percent in plage regions. We find a distinct polarity asymmetry in SOUP response relative to the ASP, apparently due to a spatial resolution effect in the ASP data: the smaller, less numerous, minority polarity structures in the plage region are preferentially blended with the majority polarity structures. The blending occurs to a lesser degree in the high-resolution SOUP magnetogram thus leading to an apparent increase in SOUP sensitivity to the minority polarity structures relative to the ASP. One implication of this effect is that in mixed polarity regions on the Sun, lower spatial resolution magnetograms may significantly underestimate minority polarity flux levels, thus leading to apparent flux imbalances in the data. ^*Visiting Astronomer, National Solar Observatory, operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA), under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

Global change and marine geology: Introduction     

Gerold Wefer  Wolfgang H. Berger 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(3):399-400

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Suitability of Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model of the US Environmental Protection Agency for the simulation of the water balance of landfill cover systems   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

K. Berger  S. Melchior  G. Miehlich 《Environmental Geology》1996,28(4):181-189

 Cover systems are widely used to safeguard landfills and contaminated sites. The evaluation of the water balance is crucial for the design of landfill covers. The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model of the US Environmental Protection Agency was developed for this purpose. This paper discusses some limitations of version 2 of this model and some operational difficulties for the use of this model in Germany, which has been developed for the United States. The model results are tested against field data of the water balance, measured on test fields on the Georgswerder landfill in Hamburg. Theoretically, HELP considers gravitational forces as driving forces of water flow only. Therefore capillary barriers cannot be simulated. Furthermore, the formation of and the flow through macropores are not considered, a main critical process that the diminishes the effectiveness of compacted soil liners. In the output comparison, the matching of measured and simulated data is quite good for lateral drainage, but failed for surface runoff and liner leakage through compacted soil liners. A further validation study is planned for HELP version 3 using a broader range of test field data. Received: 10 January 1995 · Accepted: 14 November 1995  相似文献   

用数值模拟方法研究第四纪古气候──以LLN二维模式为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

李雪松 《第四纪研究》1996,16(4):289-299

本文着重介绍LLN模式对中晚第四纪大陆冰量变迁的模拟研究。由于天文学研究已经推算出大气层顶部太阳辐射过去和将来的长期变化，因而对本文的LLN二维模式而言，能否有效地进行古气候模拟在很大程度上取决于对古CO₂浓度的重建。随着对第四纪CO₂历史研究的不断深入，LLN模式对古气候长期变迁的模拟已从最初的末次冰期－间冰期延伸到0.6Ma B.P..。模拟的大陆冰量变化与地质记录对比良好，二者在与地球轨道要素有关的天文频率上的波动具有很高的相关性。  相似文献   

LONG-TERM VARIATIONS IN INSOLATION AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CLIMATE, THE LLN EXPERIMENTS     

A. Berger  M.F. Loutre 《Surveys in Geophysics》1997,18(2-3):147-161

Used to test the Milankovitch theory over the last glacial-interglacial cycles, the Louvain-la-Neuve two-dimension Northern Hemisphere climate model shows that orbital and CO2 variations induce, in the climate system, feedbacks sufficient to generate the low frequency part of the climatic variations over the last 200 kyr. Initiation and termination of glacial cycles cannot indeed be explained without invoking both the fast feedbacks associated with atmospheric processes (water vapor, cloud, snow and sea ice) and the slower feedbacks associated with coupling to other parts of the climate system, in particular the land ice-sheet buildup and disintegration. This model shows that long-term changes in the Earth's orbital parameters lead to variations in the amount of solar radiation received at the top of the atmosphere, which in turn act as a pacemaker for climatic variations at the astronomical frequencies, through induced albedo-temperature and greenhouse gases-temperature feedbacks. Spectral analysis of the Northern Hemisphere global ice volume variations simulated under both insolation and CO2 forcings reproduces correctly the relative intensity of the peaks at the orbital frequencies as seen in SPECMAP data. Except for variations with time scales shorter than 5 kyr, the simulated long-term variations of total ice volume are comparable to that reconstructed from deep-sea cores. For example, the model simulates glacial maxima of similar amplitudes at 134 kyr BP and 15 kyr BP, followed by abrupt deglaciations.  相似文献   

Deep-sea carbonates: Reading the carbon-isotope signal   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

W. H. Berger  E. Vincent 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1986,75(1):249-269

The carbon isotope signal in deep-sea sediments reflects a mix of (1) global changes in the rates of exchange of the ocean's carbon reservoir with biosphere, soil, and sediments, (2) global and regional changes in surface water productivity, (3) internal shifts in water-mass structure and circulation (basin-basin fractionation, oxygen minimum development), and (4) organism-specific fractionation effects due to changes in micro-habitat and/or ontogenic fractionation (»vital effects«). Additional complications arise from differential preservation. It is impossible to entirely isolate these various factors. As a rule of thumb, long period signals that are parallel for planktonic and benthic data reflect external (global) fractionation patterns, whilst short-period signals are more likely tied to internal patterns (water-mass fractionation). The various approaches to interpretation are illustrated with three case studies: the Glacial-Holocene transition, the Messinian Carbon Shift, and the Miocene Monterey Excursion.

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Zusammenfassung Das Kohlenstoff-Isotopensignal in den Tiefseesedimenten spiegelt ein Zusammenspiel wider, das (1) von den globalen Austauschraten des ozeanischen Kohlenstoffreservoirs mit der Biosphäre, den Böden und den Sedimenten gesteuert wird, (2) in dem ein globaler und regionaler Wechsel in der Produktivität des Oberflächenwassers und (3) interne Veränderungen in der Wassermassen-Struktur und -Zirkulation (Becken-zu-Becken-Fraktionierung, Sauerstoffminimumentwicklung) zum Ausdruck kommen, und (4) in dem eine spezifische Fraktionierung hervorgerufen durch die Milieuänderung im Lebensraum der Organismen und/oder ontogenetische Fraktionierung (»Vitaleffekte«) erscheint. Zusätzliche Komplikationen entstehen aus unterschiedlichen Erhaltungsmöglichkeiten. Es ist unmöglich, alle diese verschiedenen Faktoren vollständig zu isolieren. Als Faustregel kann man annehmen, daß langpenodische Signale, die parallel mit Plankton- und Benthosentwicklungen verlaufen, externe globale Fraktionierungstrends widerspiegeln, während kurzzeitige Signale eher an interne Muster gebunden sind (Fraktionierung innerhalb der Wassermassen). Die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Interpretation werden an speziellen Fällen diskutiert: am Übergang Pleistozän zu Holozän, an der Veränderung des Kohlenstoffverhältnisses im Messinium und an dem Monerey-Maximum im Miozän.

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Résumé Le signal isotopique du carbone enregistré dans les sédiments océaniques résulte d'un ensemble de mécanismes qui reflètent: 1) les variations globales dans l'intensité des échanges entre le réservoir du carbone de l'océan et la biosphère, les sols et les sédiments, 2) les variations globales et régionales de productivité des eaux de surface, 3) les changements dans la structure et la circulation des masses d'eaux (fractionnement de bassin à bassin, développement d'un niveau à minimum d'oxygène), et 4) les effets de fractionnement propres aux organismes, dûs à des changements de micro-habitat et/ou à un fractionnement au cours de l'ontogénie (»effet vital«). La préservation différentielle ajoute certaines difficultés d'interprétation. Il n'est pas possible d'isoler entièrement chacun de ces différents facteurs. D'une manière générale les signaux à longue période dont les variations sont parallèles pour les données planctoniques et benthiques correspondent à un fractionnement dû à des facteurs externes (globaux), alors que les signaux à courte période sont plus vraisemblablement liés à des facteurs internes (fractionnement des masses d'eaux). Trois cas étudiés permettent d'illustrer ces différents types d'interprétation: la transition Glaciaire/Holocène, le »décrochement Messinien« et l'»enrichissement de Monterey« au Miocène.

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