Summary We investigate the capability of generalized linear models (GLMs) to simulate sequences of daily maximum wind speed (DMWS),
at a selection of locations in NW Europe. Models involving both the gamma and Weibull distributions have been fitted to the
NCEP reanalysis data for the period 1958–1998. In simulations, these models successfully reproduce the observed increasing
trends up to 0.3 m/s per decade in coastal or oceanic locations for the wintertime and the decreasing trends down to –0.2 m/s
per decade in inland Europe for the summertime. Annually extreme winds exhibit an increasing tendency (with median estimates
up to 0.6 m/s per decade) at the studied locations. The gamma model slightly overestimates the upper percentiles of the wind
speed distribution, but reproduces trends better than the Weibull model. In both the NCEP data and GLM simulations, local
extreme DMWS events (defined in terms of threshold exceedances) have increased dramatically in frequency during winter; decreasing
trends are more common in summer. The NCEP data indicate similar trends in the frequencies of large-scale windy events (defined
via simultaneous exceedances at 2 or more locations). Overall, these events have increased in number; at the scale of the
North Sea basin, their number may have changed from 3–5 days per year during the earlier decades, to 5–7 days per year during
later decades based on observational estimates. An increase in the frequency of large-scale extreme winter storms is implied.
The GLMs underestimate these large-scale event frequencies, and provide imprecise estimates of the corresponding secular trends.
These problems could be rectified by using a better representation of spatial dependence. The present results suggest that
GLMs offer a useful tool to study local climate extremes in the context of changing climate distributions; they also provide
some pointers towards improving the representation of extremes at a regional scale. 相似文献
We consider the dynamics of a protostellar disc in a binary system where the disc is misaligned with the orbital plane of the binary, with the aim of determining the observational consequences for such systems. The disc wobbles with a period approximately equal to half the orbital period of the binary and precesses on a longer time-scale. We determine the characteristic time-scale for realignment of the disc with the orbital plane as a result of dissipation. If the dissipation is determined by a simple isotropic viscosity then we find, in line with previous studies, that the alignment time-scale is of the order of the viscous evolution time-scale. However, for typical protostellar disc parameters, if the disc tilt exceeds the opening angle of the disc, then tidally induced shearing within the disc is transonic. In general, hydrodynamic instabilities associated with the internally driven shear result in extra dissipation that is expected to drastically reduce the alignment time-scale. For large disc tilts the alignment time-scale is then comparable with the precession time-scale, while for smaller tilt angles δ , the alignment time-scale varies as (sin δ )−1. We discuss the consequences of the wobbling, precession and rapid realignment for observations of protostellar jets and the implications for binary star formation mechanisms. 相似文献
Natural Hazards - Natural ecosystems are characterized as dynamic systems that evolve through natural patterns of disturbance. Land managers can work within this system of natural disturbance by... 相似文献
Shear wave velocity (Vs) anisotropy of kaolinite mixed with sodium chloride (NaCl) and organic polymer (polyethylene oxide, xanthan gum, and chitosan) solutions was investigated using a custom-made floating wall consolidometer-type bender element testing system. The addition of salt and polymers influenced the microfabric anisoopy of platy kaolinite particles, thus resulted in the increment or decrement in the Vs anisotropy. The Vs of kaolinite in all three orthogonal directions increased as the NaCl concentration increased; however, the Vs anisotropy decreased. PEO and chitosan increased the Vs of kaolinite, while xanthan gum exhibited counter-effects. Vs anisotropy (Vs?hh/Vs?vh and Vs?hv/Vs?vh) of polymer amended kaolinite was found to decrease. In addition, both salt- and polymer-modified kaolinite did not show Vs cross-anisotropy.
We present a spatially explicit global overview of nearshore coastal types, based on hydrological, lithological and morphological
criteria. A total of four main operational types act as active filters of both dissolved and suspended material entering the
ocean from land: small deltas (type I), tidal systems (II), lagoons (III) and fjords (IV). Large rivers (V) largely bypass
the nearshore filter, while karstic (VI) and arheic coasts (VII) act as inactive filters. This typology provides new insight
into the spatial distribution and inherent heterogeneity of estuarine filters worldwide. The relative importance of each type
at the global scale is calculated and types I, II, III and IV account for 32%, 22%, 8% and 26% of the global coastline, respectively,
while 12% have a very limited nearshore coastal filter. As an application of this typology, the global estuarine surface area
is re-estimated to 1.1 × 106 km2 instead of 1.4 × 106 km2 in earlier work. 相似文献
Following the 1994 San Jacinto River flood and oil spill in southeast Texas, a petroleum-contaminated wetland was reserved for a long-term research program to evaluate bioremediation as a viable spill response tool. The first phase of this program, presented in this paper, evaluated the intrinsic biodegradation of petroleum in the contaminated wetland. Sediment samples from six test plots were collected 11 times over an 11-month period to assess the temporal and spatial petroleum concentrations. Petroleum concentrations were evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analyses of specific target compounds normalized to the conservative biological marker, C(30)17alpha,21beta(H)-hopane. The analyses of specific target compounds were able to characterize that significant petroleum biodegradation had occurred at the site over the one-year period. Total resolved saturate and total resolved aromatic hydrocarbon data indicated the petroleum was degraded more than 95%. In addition, first-order biodegradation rate constants were calculated for the hopane-normalized target compounds and supported expected biodegradation patterns. The rapid degradation rates of the petroleum hydrocarbons are attributed to conditions favorable to biodegradation. Elevated nutrient levels from the flood deposition and the unconsolidated nature of the freshly deposited sediment possibly provided a nutrient rich, oxic environment. Additionally, it is suggested that an active and capable microbial community was present due to prior exposure to petroleum. These factors provided an environment conducive for the rapid bioremediation of the petroleum in the contaminated wetland. 相似文献
Alkaline soils occupy approximately 5 % of the Earth’s land surface (7 million km), and this may increase due to the global trend towards increasing desertification, yet the extent to which these soils modulate carbon dynamics on regional and global scales is inadequately studied and poorly understood. Railroad Valley (RRV) playa (Nevada, USA) is a semi-arid playa with highly alkaline soils (pH > 10) and no vegetation. The extreme, alkaline environment and absence of vascular vegetation make RRV an ideal site to investigate the role of physiochemical processes of soil-atmosphere CO2 exchange. Both field and laboratory investigations were conducted. This work shows how the atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio decreases at nighttime at RRV playa to a value well below the average global background CO2 concentration. Laboratory investigations using soil samples collected at RRV playa confirmed that CO2 uptake by RRV playa soils occurs when temperatures are decreased. Both field and laboratory studies suggest that the alkaline RRV soil acts as a CO2 reservoir during colder periods, such as at nighttime. These results highlight the importance of investigating carbon dynamics in previously understudied environments. Given how little information is available on the CO2 flux in desert and semi-arid alkaline ecosystems lacking vegetation, our findings draw attention to these environments as becoming increasingly important for carbon fluxes on regional and global scales. 相似文献
Self-gravitating protostellar discs are unstable to fragmentation if the gas can cool on a time-scale that is short compared with the orbital period. We use a combination of hydrodynamic simulations and N -body orbit integrations to study the long-term evolution of a fragmenting disc with an initial mass ratio to the star of M disc/ M *= 0.1 . For a disc that is initially unstable across a range of radii, a combination of collapse and subsequent accretion yields substellar objects with a spectrum of masses extending (for a Solar-mass star) up to ≈0.01 M⊙ . Subsequent gravitational evolution ejects most of the lower mass objects within a few million years, leaving a small number of very massive planets or brown dwarfs in eccentric orbits at moderately small radii. Based on these results, systems such as HD 168443 – in which the companions are close to or beyond the deuterium burning limit – appear to be the best candidates to have formed via gravitational instability. If massive substellar companions originate from disc fragmentation, while lower-mass planetary companions originate from core accretion, the metallicity distribution of stars which host massive substellar companions at radii of ∼1 au should differ from that of stars with lower mass planetary companions. 相似文献
We present a simple physical mechanism that can account for the observed stellar mass spectrum for masses M ∗≳0.5 M⊙ . The model depends solely on the competitive accretion that occurs in stellar clusters where each star's accretion rate depends on the local gas density and the square of the accretion radius. In a stellar cluster, there are two different regimes depending on whether the gas or the stars dominate the gravitational potential. When the cluster is dominated by cold gas, the accretion radius is given by a tidal-lobe radius. This occurs as the cluster collapses towards a ρ ∝ R −2 distribution. Accretion in this regime results in a mass spectrum with an asymptotic limit of γ =−3/2 (where Salpeter is γ =−2.35) . Once the stars dominate the potential and are virialized, which occurs first in the cluster core, the accretion radius is the Bondi–Hoyle radius. The resultant mass spectrum has an asymptotic limit of γ =−2 with slightly steeper slopes ( γ ≈−2.5) if the stars are already mass-segregated. Simulations of accretion on to clusters containing 1000 stars show that, as expected, the low-mass stars accumulate the majority of their masses during the gas-dominated phase whereas the high-mass stars accumulate the majority of their masses during the stellar-dominated phase. This results in a mass spectrum with a relatively shallow γ ≈3/2 power law for low-mass stars and a steeper power law for high-mass stars −2.5≲ γ ≤−2 . This competitive accretion model also results in a mass-segregated cluster. 相似文献