Simulations of solute transport in fractured porous media using 2D percolation networks with uncorrelated hydraulic conductivity fields     

Christine?RivardEmail author  Frédérick?Delay 《Hydrogeology Journal》2004,12(6):613-627

Two-dimensional percolation networks have been used to model a disordered and fractured porous medium. The advantage of percolation networks is that they allow the flow and transport properties of the system to be systematically studied as a function of the connectivity of the fractures and/or the permeable regions. The aim of this research is to study hydrodynamic dispersion in such networks, and to investigate the behavior of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient D_L with binary and log-normally distributed hydraulic conductivity fields. In particular, the study focuses on the behavior of D_L at the percolation threshold p_c, where the insufficiency of flow field homogenization and the limited number of tortuous paths for flow and transport force D_L to behave anomalously, i.e., to be scale- and time-dependent. The simulations indicate that the D_L population taken over a large number of the network realizations resembles a log-normal distribution, hence indicating that, unlike the hydraulic conductivity, D_L is not a self-averaged property whose variance should tend to zero when the size of the system tends to infinity. In addition, it was found that the power law that characterizes the scale dependence of D_L is contingent upon its computation method. Moreover, D_L is found to have a completely different behavior in networks with low and high connectivities.

---

Resumen Simulaciones de transporte de solutos en medio heterogéneo utilizando redes de precolación 2D con campos de conductividad no correlacionados. Se han utilizado redes de percolación en dos dimensiones para modelizar un medio poroso fracturado y desordenado. La ventaja de redes de percolación es que permiten estudiar sistemáticamente las propiedades de flujo y transporte del sistema en función de la conectividad de las fracturas y/o regiones permeables. El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la dispersión hidrodinámica en las redes mencionadas, e investigar el comportamiento del coeficiente de dispersión longitudinal DL con campos de conductividad hidráulica que tienen distribución log-normal y binaria. El estudio se enfoca particularmente en el comportamiento de DL cuando se alcanza el threshold de percolación pc, donde la insuficiencia de homogenización del campo de flujo y el número limitado de trayectorias tortuosas de flujo y fuerza de transporte DL se comportan de manera anómala, i.e., son dependientes del tiempo y la escala. Las simulaciones indican que la población DL tomada en un número grande en las redes realizadas se asemeja a una distribución log-normal, indicando por lo tanto que, a diferencia de la conductividad hidráulica, DL no es una propiedad auto-promediable cuya variación tienda a cero cuando el tamaño del sistema tiende al infinito. Se encontró además que la ley potencia que caracteriza la dependencia en escala de DL es dependiente del método de cálculo. Más aún, se encontró que DL tiene un comportamiento completamente distinto en las redes de alta y baja conectividad.

---

Résumé Des réseaux de percolation bi-dimensionnels ont été utilisés pour modéliser des milieux poreux fracturés et désordonnés. Lavantage de ces réseaux est quils permettent détudier les propriétés découlement et de transport en fonction de la connexité des fractures et/ou des zones perméables. Lobjectif est dappréhender la dispersion hydrodynamique et dinvestiguer le comportement du coefficient de dispersion longitudinal D_L pour des réseaux ayant une distribution des conductivités hydrauliques binaire et log-normale. En particulier, le comportement de D_L a été étudié au seuil de percolation p_c, là où linhomogénéité des vitesses du fluide et le nombre limité de chemins tortueux disponibles pour lécoulement et le transport entraînent un comportement anormal de D_L, à savoir, une dépendance vis-à-vis des échelles de temps et despace. Les simulations montrent que les populations de D_L définies pour un grand nombre de réseaux ressemblent à des distributions log-normales, indiquant que, contrairement à la conductivité hydraulique, D_L nest pas une propriété dont la variance tend vers zéro lorsque la taille du système tend vers linfini. Il a également été trouvé que les lois de puissance qui caractérisent la dépendance déchelle de D_L découlent directement de la méthode de calcul. Enfin, les simulations engendrent un comportement très différent de D_L dans des réseaux faiblement ou fortement connectés.

  相似文献   

A Further Note on the Geomagnetic Ring-Current     

V. C. A. Ferraro  Christine M. Davies 《Geophysical Journal International》1972,29(2):241-244

  相似文献   

Circumstellar aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in interplanetary dust particles     

Frank J. Stadermann  Christine Floss  Brigitte Wopenka 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(24):6168-6179

A systematic NanoSIMS isotope imaging study of sub-micrometer phases in interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) has led to the discovery of two presolar grain types that previously were observed only in primitive meteorites. A 350 × 600 nm² Al₂O₃ grain has a large ¹⁷O enrichment and a slight ¹⁸O depletion, as well as a ²⁶Mg excess due to the decay of extinct ²⁶Al. Because of its relatively large size and prominent location within the IDP, this presolar Al₂O₃ grain is well characterized by SEM-EDX analyses. A second, much smaller presolar grain has a diameter of 150 nm and a ¹³C enrichment of more than 300%. Isotopic anomalies in C are rarely found in IDPs and the magnitude of this anomaly is unprecedented. This grain also has a ¹⁵N-rich composition and its isotopic makeup as well as its secondary ion yields identify it as a SiC grain. The discovery of presolar Al₂O₃ and SiC in IDPs seamlessly complements earlier notions of interplanetary dust particles as the most primitive extraterrestrial material currently available for laboratory analysis. Both Al₂O₃ and SiC are common presolar grain types in primitive meteorites, but they appeared conspicuously absent from the presolar grain inventory in interplanetary dust particles, which is dominated by silicate stardust. Not finding these presolar grain types in interplanetary dust would have been difficult to explain. Abundance estimates of the new presolar grain types in IDPs are hampered by limited statistics, but both Al₂O₃ and SiC are less common than presolar silicates which have been found at relatively high abundances in IDPs. The particle in which these presolar grains have been found belongs to the ‘isotopically primitive subgroup’ of IDPs, yet does not contain any presolar silicates.  相似文献   

Suitability of fish scales as archives of temporal variations in ambient mercury levels in estuaries     

Christine Desjardins  Charles Gobeil  Bjørn Sundby 《Estuaries and Coasts》2006,29(5):855-859

To examine the suitability of fish scales as a historical archive, of environmental mercury (Hg) contamination, we analyzed a collection of scales taken from striped bass (Morone saxatilis) captured in the St. Lawrence Estuary between 1994 and 1962. The total mass of Hg in individual scales increases linearly with the weight of the scale, suggesting that Hg is well preserved in the scale tissue. Age, length, and sex of specimens captured during the same year did not significantly influence the concentration of Hg in the scales. The average Hg concentrations in scales of specimens captured in 1956 (53.2 ±9.1 ng g⁻¹) and 1962 (58.6±7.7 ng g⁻¹) are nearly twice as high as in scales from 1951 (30.2±3.0 ng g⁻¹). These results follow the trend revealed in sediment cores from the St. Lawrence Estuary. A high level of Hg in scales from 1945 (68.7±18.4 ng g⁻¹) could have been caused by an episode of Hg contamination around 1945 not recorded in the sediment or by a diet-related change in Hg exposure.  相似文献   

Recent rapid salinity rise in three East Antarctic lakes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Donna Roberts  Dominic A. Hodgson  Andrew McMinn  Elie Verleyen  Bruce Terry  Christine Corbett  Wim Vyverman 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,36(4):385-406

Research in East Antarctica has shown several recent environmental changes that may be linked to human impacts on climate. In order to detect the influence and context of these changes on coastal aquatic ecosystems we examined lake sediment cores from three lakes in the Windmill Islands, East Antarctica; Beall Lake, Holl Lake and ȁ8Lake Mȁ9. Cores were sectioned at␣2.5 mm intervals. Their diatom species composition was examined to detect changes in lake salinity using a diatom-salinity transfer function, and their algal pigment content was examined to detect photoautotrophic community responses to environmental change. Results showed that Holl Lake originated in a depression exposed by Holocene recession of the continental ice sheet and that Beall Lake and Lake M originated as isolated marine basins formed by changes in relative sea level. A general late Holocene trend of declining lake salinity was evident in all three lakes, interrupted by one short-term high salinity event in Beall Lake. This is consistent with a long-term positive moisture balance. This general decline in salinity has been followed by a remarkable recent rapid increase in salinity in all three lakes in the last few decades. We speculate that this rapid increase in salinity might be linked to changes taking place in the region including feedbacks resulting from decreasing sea ice extent as recorded in the nearby Law Dome ice core, and positive feedbacks in the catchments whereby reduced snow cover has led to decreased albedo, which in turn has caused increased evaporation and sublimation. Collectively these changes have shifted the lakes across a threshold from positive to negative moisture balance. A minor, but not rapid shift in the abundance of diatom pigments relative to pigments from green algae and cyanobacteria was also detected suggesting that some changes in photoautotrophic community composition have occurred. Measurements of modern nutrient levels are also higher than would be expected in Beall Lake and Holl Lake, given the extremely low sediment accumulation rates. This may be associated with a c. 300% increase in the population of Adélie penguins in the Windmill Islands recorded since the 1950s, or may a first signs of a rapid increase in catchment development and associated lake productivity as experienced in Antarctic and Arctic lakes subject to recent rapid regional warming. The most marked feature of the records is the rapid increase in salinity in all three lakes in␣the last few decades, which has occurred in lakes both with and without resident penguin populations.Dominic A. Hodgson and Donna Roberts contributed equally to this work  相似文献   

Geochronological arguments for a close relationship between surficial formation profiles and environmental crisis (c. 3000–2000 BP) in Gabon (Central Africa)     

Denis Thiéblemont  Christine Flehoc  Michel Ebang-Obiang  Christophe Rigollet  Jean-Pierre Prian  François Prognon 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2013,345(7-8):272-283

We present new ¹⁴C data on charcoal fragments recovered from the lower (coarse-grained Stone Line) and upper (fine-grained Cover Horizon) portions of surficial formation profiles in Gabon. These data and others compiled from the literature enable a reconstruction of the Upper Holocene geological regional history of Gabon. The connection between the geological events recorded in the surficial formations and the Upper Holocene environmental crisis is discussed and a scenario connecting geological events with climatic and environmental changes is proposed. Such a scenario suggests that following the climatic crisis, the reconstitution of soils by aeolian sedimentation could have been an important factor of Bantu expansion.  相似文献   

Geologic factors controlling groundwater chemistry in the coastal aquifer system of Douala/Cameroon: implication for groundwater system functioning     

Huguette C. Emvoutou  Béatrice Ketchemen Tandia  Suzanne Ngo Boum Nkot  Rodrigue C. S. Ebonji  Yvon B. Nlend  Georges E. Ekodeck  Christine Stumpp  Piotr Maloszewski  Serigne Faye 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(5):219

Douala city, located in the littoral province of Cameroon, receives abundant rainfall quantities due to its geographical position in the Gulf of Guinea and bears considerable surface water and groundwater resources. Due to socioeconomic development and rapid demographic growth in the city and its consequences of unplanned urbanization and improper sanitation system, these water resources are poorly protected and managed. Streams in the Wouri watershed receive large amounts of wastewater discharge, and hundreds of boreholes have been drilled into the aquifer system without any management plan. A detailed hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemistry study in Douala town and its environs was conducted to get a better insight into the groundwater system functioning in order to provide information for the sustainable management and protection of the groundwater resource. Two field campaigns were carried out with 187 samples collected and analyzed for major ions, stable isotopes (¹⁸O, ²H), and tritium ³H. The results of the sampling have shown that the weathering of silicate minerals is the dominant geochemical process affecting groundwater chemistry in this system. However, acid rainfall in the humid climate has also caused carbonate mineral dissolution, amorphous silica deposition, and ion exchange reactions to occur in aquifers in the region. The various water types identified were categorized into four major clusters C1 to C4, based on the major ion composition and the local hydrogeological conditions. Environmental isotope data reveal that modern-to-submodern waters occur in the phreatic Quaternary/Mio-Pliocene and Oligocene/Upper Eocene aquifers, respectively. These results corroborate with the conceptual model built where modern groundwater types indicated silicate mineral weathering and calcite dissolution (C1 and C2), whereas submodern groundwater mostly showed silica deposition, ion exchange, and, to a lesser extent, carbonate mineral dissolution (C3 and C4). This improved understanding of the aquifer system functioning is essential to provide a reasonable basis for effective control measures and sustainable water management.  相似文献   

Longitudinal Social Science Research in Natural Resource Communities: Lessons and Considerations     

Melanie Stidham  Christine Olsen  Eric Toman  Stacey Frederick  Sarah McCaffrey  Bruce Shindler 《社会与自然资源》2014,27(10):1104-1108

The majority of social science research is cross-sectional in nature, with data collected at a single point in time. However, social systems are dynamic and many of the variables of interest to social scientists may change over time. Longitudinal research methods enable data collection at two or more points in time among a population of interest to examine change in measured variables and influencing factors. Despite the opportunities it affords, longitudinal research is relatively uncommon in natural-resource-based social science research as compared to other fields (e.g., medical, criminal, education). We feel that the field of natural resource social science is ripe for a proliferation of longitudinal studies, now that a substantial body of cross-sectional data has been built. In the spirit of encouraging more of this type of research, we draw on our collective experiences in longitudinal studies to share lessons learned in research design, sampling, and data management.  相似文献   

The Paleoenvironment and Lithic Taphonomy of Shi’Bat Dihya 1, a Middle Paleolithic Site in Wadi Surdud,Yemen     

Luca Sitzia  Pascal Bertran  Stphane Boulogne  Michel Brenet  Rmy Crassard  Anne Delagnes  Marine Frouin  Christine Hatt  Jacques Jaubert  Lamya Khalidi  Erwan Messager  Norbert Mercier  Alain Meunier  Stphane Peign  Alain Queffelec  Chantal Tribolo  Roberto Macchiarelli 《Geoarchaeology》2012,27(6):471-491

The Shi'bat Dihya 1 site in western Yemen, dated by optically stimulated luminescence to 55 ka, provides insight into the Middle Paleolithic peopling of the Arabian Peninsula. The archaeological layer is interstratified within thick, sandy silt floodplain deposits filling a piedmont basin. Luminescence dates, lack of soil development, and gypsum precipitation indicate a high accretion rate of the floodplain during Marine Isotope Stage 3, in connection with a (semi)‐arid environment. Rapid overbank sedimentation was likely a result of the remobilization of loess material deposited on the Yemeni Great Escarpment at the periphery of the adjacent Tihama coastal sand desert or of other sources. Fabric and size analyses of the lithic artifacts, together with spatial projections, indicate site modifications by floods. Primary modifications include (1) selective accumulation of medium‐sized lithic pieces as a result of hydraulic sorting, (2) bimodal orientation of artifacts, and (3) ripple‐like arrangement of lithics and bone/tooth fragments. The overrepresentation of teeth may also be a consequence of sorting. Although floods have distorted the original site patterning, long‐distance transport of artifacts by water can be excluded, as indicated by relatively high refitting rate, close proximity of artifacts derived from the same block of raw material, and lack of abrasion of the pieces. Therefore, the site is considered “geologically” in situ because its remobilization by water occurred shortly after human abandonment. This study also stresses that the effective preservation of a site cannot be assessed without careful taphonomic study, even in a potentially favorable depositional context such as silty alluvium.  相似文献   

A robust feldspar luminescence dating method for Middle and Late Pleistocene sediments   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jan‐Pieter Buylaert  Mayank Jain  Andrew S. Murray  Kristina J. Thomsen  Christine Thiel  Reza Sohbati 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2012,41(3):435-451

Luminescence dating is used extensively to provide absolute chronologies for Late Pleistocene sediments. Nowadays, most optical dates are based on quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). However, the application of this signal is usually limited to the last ～100 ka because of saturation of the quartz luminescence signal with dose. In contrast, the feldspar infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dose–response curve grows to much higher doses; this has the potential to extend the datable age range by a factor of 4–5 compared with quartz OSL. However, it has been known for several decades that this IRSL signal is unstable, and this instability often gives rise to significant age underestimation. Here we test against independent age control the recently developed feldspar post‐IR IRSL approach to the dating of sediments, which appears to avoid signal instability. A physical model explaining our observations is discussed, and the method is shown to be accurate back to 600 ka. The post‐IR IRSL signal is reduced by exposure to daylight more slowly than that from quartz and low‐temperature IRSL, preventing its general application to young (e.g. Holocene) sediments. Nevertheless, this new approach is widely applicable (feldspar of appropriate luminescence behaviour is even more ubiquitous than quartz). These characteristics make this a method of great importance for the dating of Middle and Late Pleistocene deposits.  相似文献