P–T-deformation-Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ mapping at the thin section scale and comparison with XANES mapping: application to a garnet-bearing metapelite from the Sambagawa metamorphic belt (Japan)     

O. VIDAL  V. DE ANDRADE  E. LEWIN  M. MUNOZ  T. PARRA  S. PASCARELLI 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2006,24(7):669-683

Quantitative X‐ray maps of composition from a chlorite, K‐white mica, albite, quartz and garnet bearing thin section from a Sambagawa blueschist facies metapelite were combined with a multi‐equilibrium calculation method to calculate a P–T‐Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺‐deformation map at the millimetre scale. The studied sample was chosen because elongated chlorite crystallization tails (pressure shadows) rimmed by phengite are present, which is an appropriate assemblage for the quantification of the P–T evolution. Chlorite temperature and Fe³⁺ content maps were calculated by successive iterations for each pixel analysis of Fe³⁺ until convergence of the four chlorite‐quartz‐H₂O equilibria that can be written using the Fe‐ and Mg‐amesite, clinchlore, daphnite and sudoite chlorite end‐members. The calculated map of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ in chlorite is in good qualitative agreement with the in situ mapping of this ratio using XANES (X‐ray absorption near edge structure) techniques. The temperature map indicates that high temperature chlorite zones with low Fe³⁺ contents alternate with lower temperature zones and higher Fe³⁺ contents in the crystallization tail. Late fractures perpendicular to the elongation axis of the tail are filled by very low temperature chlorite (<250 °C) showing Fe³⁺/Fe_total up to 0.4. Groups of chlorite and mica pixels were then identified based on compositional and structural criteria, and a P–T‐deformation map was calculated using representative analyses of these groups. The calculated P–T‐deformation map suggests that in contrast to chlorite, the composition of most mica did not change significantly during exhumation. Mica reequilibrated in late EW shear bands only. EW shearing was already active at 0.1 GPa, 500 °C, which corresponds to the peak temperature (and probably pressure) conditions, at reduced redox conditions. The intensity of deformation probably decreased with decrease in temperature to ～350–400 °C. At this temperature, a second main deformation event corresponding to a further EW stretching occurred and was still active below 250 °C and more oxidizing conditions. These results indicate that the scale at which P–T data can be obtained is now close to the scale of observation of structural geologists. A close link between deformation and mineral reaction is therefore possible at the microscopic scale, which provides information about the relationship between deformation and mineral reactivity, the modalities of deformation with time and the P–T conditions at which it occurred.  相似文献   

南支槽影响下西藏高原南部3次暴雪天气特征分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

罗布坚参  假拉  德庆  白珍  次旦巴桑 《气象》2019,45(6):862-870

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和常规观测资料,对2013年1-2月西藏高原南部3次暴雪天气的环流形势、动力、水汽条件等进行诊断对比分析。结果表明:3次暴雪天气中高纬度均以经向型环流形势为主,从长波槽脊配置可分为长波槽型和横槽型两大类;西太平洋副热带高压偏西偏强、伊朗高压东北发展对南支槽加深和缓慢东移起到关键作用。南支槽区560 dagpm线在30°N以南,并东移至70°E附近或以东时西藏高原南部开始出现暴雪天气;暴雪区附近涡度场变化反映了南支槽强度特征,中高层强辐散对南支槽发展起到重要作用;水汽主要源于阿拉伯海,孟加拉湾水汽对东部降雪起到补充作用,南支槽前高空西南急流对水汽输送起关键作用,同时喜马拉雅山脉的大地形抬升,有利于上升运动和水汽凝结成云;水汽通量、水汽通量散度等变化及中心的移动方向,对降雪的强度、落区和时段具有较好的预报指示意义。  相似文献   

Orbitally forced sedimentary rhythms in the stratigraphic record: is there room for tidal forcing?     

POPPE L. DE BOER  JOÃO TRABUCHO ALEXANDRE 《Sedimentology》2012,59(2):379-392

The imprint of orbital cycles, which result from the varying eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit and changes in the orientation of its axis, have been recognised throughout the Phanerozoic rock record. Variations in insolation and their effect on climate are generally considered to be the sole transfer mechanism between the orbital variables and cyclic sedimentary successions. Common oceanographic principles, however, show that the ocean tide also responds to variations in the orbital parameters. The ocean tide has not yet been considered to be a valid, additional transfer mechanism for the orbital variations. In geological studies of Milankovitch cycles in sedimentary successions the insolation paradigm offers satisfying explanations, and the role of long‐term variations of the ocean tide has not yet been appreciated. Variations in the ocean tide, related to changing eccentricity (at present 0·0165, theoretical maximum 0·0728), affect a variety of oceanographic and sedimentary processes. In addition to the widely accepted paradigm of orbitally forced insolation changes, the tidal transfer of orbital signals may explain certain less well‐understood aspects of orbitally induced cycles in the stratigraphic record related to ocean mixing, organic productivity, and tidal processes in shallow seas and deep water. Variations of the ocean tide in relation to the 18·6 year lunar nodal cycle, which has no insolation counterpart by which they may be obscured, indeed show that these relatively small variations can produce significant effects in sedimentary environments that are sensitive to variations in the strength of the ocean tide. In analogy with the 18·6 year lunar nodal cycle, orbital variations of the tide on Milankovitch time scales are likely to have affected sedimentary systems in the past.  相似文献   

A case study considering the comparability of mass and volumetric suspended sediment data     

Jason A. Hubbart  Elliott Kellner  Graham Freeman 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(9):4051-4060

Contemporary real-time instruments that advance suspended sediment monitoring capabilities often provide results in units (e.g. volumetric) that are not easily comparable to traditional mass (e.g. gravimetric) methods. A Midwest case study was initiated to assess the accuracy of three methods commonly used to convert volumetric data to mass. Water samples from rural, suburban, and urban stream reaches were analyzed for suspended sediment concentration using laser diffraction and wet sieving methods, resulting in paired volumetric (μl/l) and mass (mg/l) suspended sediment concentrations. Observed volumetric data were converted to mass using an assumed particle density (Pd) of 2.65 g/cm³, a calculated Pd, and linear regression. Using the assumed Pd, estimated mass data differed from observed mass data by as much as 60 %. Dividing mass concentration (mg/l) by the volumetric concentration (μl/l) resulted in site-specific average suspended sediment particle densities ranging from 2.17, 1.99, 1.76 g/cm³ for different land use types. Using a calculated Pd, estimated mass data differed from observed mass data by as much as 45 %. Paired sample t tests showed observed and estimated mass values to be significantly different (p < 0.01). R ² values for regression equations ranged from 0.82 to 0.88. Conversion difficulties likely result from temporal and spatial variations of Pd. The results illustrate the imprecision of conversion methods and highlight possible estimation errors assuming idealized conditions. Continued work is necessary to improve quantitative relationship(s) between mass and volumetric suspended sediment data and the utility of both types of information for science and land management practices.  相似文献   

Letters to the editor     

Andrea Freeman  Gary Huckleberry 《Geoarchaeology》1993,8(2):85-86

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