Spezielle Reflexionsmessungen an durchsichtigen Festkörpern     

H. Schumann 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1965,10(1-4):73-96

Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe eines Einkreisgoniometers mit senkrechter Drehachse wurde an Schliffebenen verschiedener Materialien (Glas, Minerale) der Brewstersche Winkel bestimmt. Das mit Polarisationsprismen ausgerüstete Instrument besaß einen sowohl für teleskopischen wie für mikroskopischen Strahlengang verwendbaren Tubus. Eine mechanische Einrichtung bewirkte, daß die reflektierende Fläche in jedem Augenblick senkrecht zur Winkelhalbierenden von Fernrohr und Kollimator stand. Die Erreichung des Polarisationswinkels wird teleskopisch am Auftreten eines dunklen Balkens, mikroskopisch an der minimalen Helligkeit erkannt. Diese Bestimmungsart ist von der Größe des Brechungsquotienten grundsätzlich unabhängig. Im ungedeckten Dünnschliff kann man die mittlere Lichtbrechung der Minerale annähernd bestimmen. Gleichzeitig ergibt sich eine Art Dunkelfeldbeobachtung. Mit Hilfe eines angeschlossenen Photoelementes wurden auch quantitative Messungen durchgeführt. Die erhaltenen Intensitätskurven haben ihr Minimum beim Polarisationswinkel. Die aus diesen Kurven graphisch und rechnerisch abgeleiteten Minimumwerte sind weniger genau als die durch Einstellen des dunklen Balkens bestimmten. Störeffekte entstehen unter anderem durch den Poliervorgang, insbesondere bei Trockenpolitur. Bei Kristallen ist der Fehler im allgemeinen gering, bei Gläsern hingegen meist beträchtlich. Die scheinbar höhere Lichtbrechung von Gläsern könnte vielleicht als Maß für den erzielten Hochglanz verwendet werden. Bei doppeltbrechenden Kristallen ist der Polarisationswinkel gemäß der Höhe der Doppelbrechung für die entsprechenden Schwingungsrichtungen verschieden groß.

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Summary Some experiments have been made with such materials as glass and various minerals to determine the Brewster's angle by means of a one—axis goniometer. The tube of this apparatus contains a polarizer and may be used both for microscopic and telescopic observation. A special mechanism causes the reflecting plane at any time to be perpendicular to the bisecting line between the collimator and the telescopemicroscope-tubus. By using the telescope the polarizing angle may be recognized from a black band coming into the field of vision, and by using the microscope from the intensity of light being at a minimum. This method of determination is basically independent of the number of the refractive index. It is possible to determine approximately the average refraction of the minerals in an uncovered thin rock section. Simultaneously one achieves an effect similar to dark ground illumination. Moreover, we also took quantitative measurements of light intensity by the aid of a photoelement attached to the telescope. The minimum of the intensity obtained in this way indicates the Brewster's angle. The minimum values can be derived from these curves by means of mathematical or graphical methods, but they are less accurate than the ones obtained by the aid of the black band. Disturbing effects occur e. g. as a consequence of polishing, especially of dry polishing. The limit of error is only small with planes of crystals, but quite considerable on those of glass. The obviously too high indices of reflexion for glasses could perhaps be used as a measure for the degree of high polishing. Investigations into birefringent crystals demonstrate that the two directions of vibration in conformity with the value of double refraction have different polarizing angles.

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Herrn Professor Dr. F.Machatschki zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.  相似文献   

Estimation of groundwater recharge in arid, data scarce regions; an approach as applied in the El Hawashyia basin and Ghazala sub-basin (Gulf of Suez, Egypt)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

M. Masoud  S. Schumann  S. Abdel Mogheeth 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(1):103-117

In this study, an approach for runoff and recharge estimations that can be applied in arid regions which suffer from lack of data is presented. Estimating groundwater recharge in arid regions is an extremely important but difficult task, the main reason is the scarcity of data in arid regions. This is true for the Eastern Egyptian Desert where groundwater is used for irrigation purposes in agricultural reclamation along the Red Sea coast line. As a result of the scarcity of hydrologic information, the relation between rainfall and runoff was calculated depending on the paleo-flood hydrology information. Two models were used to calculate the rainfall–runoff relationships for El Hawashyia basin and Ghazala sub-basin. Two computer programs known as Gerinne (meaning channel in German) and SMADA6 (Stormwater Management and Design Aid, version 6) were conjunctively used for this purpose. As a result of the model applied to El Hawashyia basin, a rainfall event of a total of 18.3 mm with duration 3 h at the station of Hurghada, which has an exceedance probability of 5–10 %, produces a discharge volume of 10.2 × 10⁶ m³ at the delta, outlet of the basin, as 4.7 mm of the rainfall infiltrates (recharge). For the Ghazala sub-basin, the model yields a runoff volume of 3.16 × 10⁶ m³ transferred from a total rainfall of 25 mm over a period of 3 h, as 3.2 mm of it was lost as infiltration.  相似文献   

Material screening and selection for XENON100     

E. Aprile  K. Arisaka  F. Arneodo  A. Askin  L. Baudis  A. Behrens  K. Bokeloh  E. Brown  J.M.R. Cardoso  B. Choi  D. Cline  S. Fattori  A.D. Ferella  K.L. Giboni  A. Kish  C.W. Lam  J. Lamblin  R.F. Lang  K.E. Lim  J.A.M. Lopes  T. Marrodán Undagoitia  Y. Mei  A.J. Melgarejo Fernandez  K. Ni  U. Oberlack  S.E.A. Orrigo  E. Pantic  G. Plante  A.C.C. Ribeiro  R. Santorelli  J.M.F. dos Santos  M. Schumann  P. Shagin  A. Teymourian  D. Thers  E. Tziaferi  H. Wang  C. Weinheimer  M. LaubensteinS. Nisi 《Astroparticle Physics》2011,35(2):43-49

Results of the extensive radioactivity screening campaign to identify materials for the construction of XENON100 are reported. This dark matter search experiment is operated underground at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), Italy. Several ultra sensitive High Purity Germanium detectors (HPGe) have been used for gamma ray spectrometry. Mass spectrometry has been applied for a few low mass plastic samples. Detailed tables with the radioactive contaminations of all screened samples are presented, together with the implications for XENON100.  相似文献   

A distribution-free ordinal classification of floods based on moments     

Svenja Fischer  Andreas Schumann 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(11):1605-1618

ABSTRACT

Classification of floods is often based on return periods of their peaks estimated from probability distributions and hence depends on assumptions. The choice of an appropriate distribution function and parameter estimation are often connected with high uncertainties. In addition, limited length of data series and the stochastic characteristic of the occurrence of extreme events add further uncertainty. Here, a distribution-free classification approach is proposed based on statistical moments. By using robust estimators the sampling effects are reduced and time series of different lengths can be analysed together. With a developed optimization procedure, locally and regionally consistent flood categories can be defined. In application, it is shown that the resulting flood categories can be used to assess the spatial extent of extreme floods and their coincidences. Moreover, groups of gauges, where simultaneous events belong to the same classes, are indicators for homogeneous groups of gauges in regionalization.  相似文献   

Sea-level history of past interglacial periods from uranium-series dating of corals,Curaçao,Leeward Antilles islands     

Daniel R. Muhs  John M. Pandolfi  Kathleen R. Simmons  R. Randall Schumann 《Quaternary Research》2012,78(2):157-169

Curaçao has reef terraces with the potential to provide sea-level histories of interglacial periods. Ages of the Hato (upper) unit of the “Lower Terrace” indicate that this reef dates to the last interglacial period, Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5.5. On Curaçao, this high sea stand lasted at least 8000 yr (~ 126 to ~ 118 ka). Elevations and age of this reef show that late Quaternary uplift rates on Curaçao are low, 0.026–0.054 m/ka, consistent with its tectonic setting. Ages of ~ 200 ka for corals from the older Cortalein unit of the Lower Terrace correlate this reef to MIS 7, with paleo-sea level estimates ranging from ? 3.3 m to + 2.3 m. The estimates are in agreement with those for MIS 7 made from other localities and indicate that the penultimate interglacial period was a time of significant warmth, on a par with the present interglacial period. The ~ 400 ka (MIS 11) Middle Terrace I on Curaçao, dated by others, may have formed from a paleo-sea level of + 8.3 to + 10.0 m, or (less likely) + 17 m to + 20 m. The lower estimates are conservative compared to previous studies, but still require major ice sheet loss from Greenland and Antarctica.  相似文献   

Factors shaping submerged bryophyte communities: A conceptual model for small mountain streams in Germany     

Horst Tremp  Dorothea KampmannRalf Schulz 《Limnologica》2012,42(3):242-250

Several models explaining species composition of aquatic bryophytes are available for specific regions. However, a more general, conceptual model applicable to a broader range of regions is lacking.We present a conceptual model ranking environmental factors determining submerged bryophyte communities in small mountain streams. It was tested on a dataset of 54 stream sections after removing the effect of stream size and altitude. Species responses were modeled with pH as predictor variable based on 97 stream sites covering six mountain regions all over Germany. Multiple regressions revealed the importance of primary growth factors (light, Ep(CO₂)) and substrate for the total submerged bryophyte coverage.The known distinction of hard- and softwater bryoflora was clearly supported. The floristic composition of headwaters was predominantly determined by the bicarbonate/ionic strength complex. Species response to pH values supported this result and thus our conceptual model. The primary growth resources light, Ep(CO₂) and availability of coarse streambed material explained one third (R_adjusted² = 0.34) of total submerged bryophyte cover. Disturbances, predominantly spates, reduce biomass but do not affect the basic floristic structure.In conclusion, conceptual models and monitoring methods focusing on aquatic bryophytes need to clearly distinguish “aquatic” from “submersed by chance”. All “aquatic bryophytes” found in Germany can also occur at least temporarily at non-submerged sites. Therefore, a distinction between primary growth factors and additional resources is recommended to disentangle factors determining aquatic bryophyte communities.  相似文献   

A tenuous triumvirate: The role of independent biologists in Chile's co-management regime for shellfish     

Sarah Schumann 《Marine Policy》2010

Fisheries co-management is usually defined by shared decision-making between fishers and the state. Chile's co-management regime for shellfish differs from the norm by incorporating a third party: independent biological consultants. This paper evaluates Chile's system and compares three-party co-management to two-party systems. It finds that consultants fulfill functions absent in two-party co-management, such as playing an intermediary role between fishers and the state, and also perform certain functions better than either of the other two entities involved, such as acting as a credible and objective source of information. It then discusses ways to perfect Chile's system, such as stepping up knowledge transfer activities so as to further empower fishers.  相似文献   

The spectroscopic orbit of the short period eclipsing binary V 836 Cygni     

H. W. Duerbeck  J. D. Schumann 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》1982,3(3):233-235

Spectroscopic elements of the single-lined spectroscopic binary V 836 Cyg are presented.  相似文献   

Timely Low Resolution SAR Imagery To Support Floodplain Modelling: a Case Study Review     

Giuliano Di Baldassarre  Guy Schumann  Luigia Brandimarte  Paul Bates 《Surveys in Geophysics》2011,32(3):255-269

It is widely recognised that remote sensing can support flood monitoring, modelling and management. In particular, satellites carrying Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors are valuable as radar wavelengths can penetrate cloud cover and are insensitive to daylight. However, given the strong inverse relationship between spatial resolution and revisit time, monitoring floods from space in near real time is currently only possible through low resolution (about 100 m pixel size) SAR imagery. For instance, ENVISAT-ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) in WSM (wide swath mode) revisit times are of the order of 3 days and the data can be obtained within 24 h at no (or low) cost. Hence, this type of space-borne data can be used for monitoring major floods on medium-to-large rivers. This paper aims to discuss the potential for, and uncertainties of, coarse resolution SAR imagery to monitor floods and support hydraulic modelling. The paper first describes the potential of globally and freely available space-borne data to support flood inundation modelling in near real time. Then, the uncertainty of SAR-derived flood extent maps is discussed and the need to move from deterministic binary maps (wet/dry) of flood extent to uncertain flood inundation maps is highlighted.  相似文献   

Freshwater inflow and estuarine variability in the Gamtoos Estuary, South Africa     

Eckart H. Schumann  Meryl W. Pearce 《Estuaries and Coasts》1997,20(1):124-133

The Gamtoos is a shallow flood-tidal estuary located on the south coast of South Africa. Even though it has an extensive catchment area, dams limit runoff and mean freshwater inflow is estimated at less than 1 m³ s^?1, and the flood tidal deltas constrict and at times even close the mouth. The results presented here derive from an intensive measurement program carried out over a 3-wk period at the end of 1992, immediately after good rains in the Gamtoos catchment region. Freshwater inflow increased to more than 10 m³ s^?1, driving the salt wedge downstream and resulting in intense haloclines in the mid-estuary region. The program monitored the return to more average estuarine structures, and even though tidal exchange was restricted, marked differences occurred in stratification at neap and spring tides; tidal exchanges provided the dominant mixing forces. It is found that the shallower upper reaches of the estuary are flushed with relatively small increases in freshwater inflow, though a balance exists with the tidal exchanges through the constricted mouth. The variation in the position of the salt wedge and in the salinity stratification can have substantial implications for biota.  相似文献