Potassium-argon dating of igneous activity in the central Chilean Andes — latitude 33°S     

Robert E. Drake  Garniss Curtis  Mario Vergara   《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1976,1(3):285-295

Potassium-argon dating of volcanic and plutonic rocks in the Andean region of central Chile has revealed previously unrecognized episodes of igneous activity during Cretaceous and Cenozoic time. These results indicate the need to re-evaluate the classic stratigraphic subdivisions that have evolved on lithologic rather than time-stratigraphic criteria.Four radiometric age groups have been identified in the coast range volcanic belt:

1. (1) Las Chilcas Formation — Early Cretaceous continental volcanic strata (120-110 m.y.).

2. (2) Lo Valle Formation — Late Cretaceous continental volcanic strata (78-65 m.y.).

3. (3) Late Oligocene extrusive volcanics (31-28 m.y.).

4. (4) Early Miocene intrusive volcanics (20.6–19.5 m.y.).

Two radiometric age groups have also been identified in the adjacent Andean Cordillera:

1. (1) Farellones Formation — continental volcanic strata (18.5–17.3 m.y.).

2. (2) Early Pliocene extrusive volcanics (5-4 m.y.).

An older group of continental volcanic strata in the Andes represented by the Abanico Formation remains undated but is intruded by plutons dated at 19.5 and 24 m.y.Available chronologic evidence indicates that volcanic activity moved eastward from the coast range volcanic belt to the Andean Cordillera between 20 and 18 m.y. ago and remained there to the present time.  相似文献   

Volcán Quizapu,Chilean Andes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wes Hildreth  Robert E Drake 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1992,54(2):93-125

Quizapu is a flank vent of the basalt-to-rhyodacite Holocene stratocone, Cerro Azul, and lies at the focus of a complex Quaternary volcanic field on the Andean volcanic front. The Quizapu vent originated in 1846 when 5 km³ of hornblende-dacite magma erupted effusively with little accompanying tephra. Between 1907 and 1932, phreatic and strombolian activity reamed out a deep crater, from which 4 km³ of dacite magma identical to that of 1846 fed the great plinian event of 10–11 April 1932. Although a total of >9 km³ of magma was thus released in 86 years, there is no discernible subsidence. As the pre-plinian crater was lined by massive lavas, 1932 enlargement was limited and the total plinian deposit contains only 0.4 wt % lithics. Areas of 5-cm and 1-cm isopachs for compacted 1932 fallout are about half of those estimated in the 1930's, yielding a revised ejecta volume of 9.5 km³. A strong inflection near the 10-cm isopach (downwind 110 km) on a plot of log Thickness vs Area^1/2 reflects slow settling of fine plinian ash — not of coignimbrite ash, as the volume of pyroclastic flows was trivial (<0.01 km³). About 17 vol.% of the fallout lies beyond the 1-cm isopach, and 82 wt% of the ejecta are finer than 1 mm. A least 18 hours of steady plinian activity produced an exceptionally uniform fall deposit. Observed column height (27–30 km) and average mass eruption rate (1.5x10⁸ kg/s) compare well with values for height and peak intensity calculated from published eruption models. The progressive aeolian fractionation of downwind ash (for which Quizapu is widely cited) is complicated by the large compositional range of 1932 juvenile pumice (52–70% SiO₂). The eruption began with andesitic scoria and ended with basaltic scoria, but >95% of the ejecta are dacitic pumice (67–68% SiO₂); minor andesitic scoria and frothier rhyodacite pumice (70% SiO₂) accompanied the dominant dacite. Phenocrysts (pl>hbopx>mt>ilmcpx) are similar in both abundance and composition in the 1846 (effusive) and 1932 (plinian) dacites. Despite the contrast in mode of eruption, bulk compositions are also indistinguishable. The only difference so far identified is a lower range of D values for 1846 hornblende, consistent with pre-eruptive degassing of the effusive batch.  相似文献   

Red-staining of the wall rock and its influence on the reducing capacity around water conducting fractures     

Henrik Drake  Eva-Lena Tullborg  Hans Annersten 《Applied Geochemistry》2008

Red-staining and alteration of wall rock is common around water conducting fractures in the Laxemar–Simpevarp area (SE Sweden), which is currently being investigated by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB) in common with many other places. Red-staining is often interpreted as a clear sign of oxidation but relevant analyses are seldom performed. The area is dominated by Palaeoproterozoic crystalline rocks ranging in composition from quartz monzodiorite to granite. In this study wall rock samples have been compared with reference samples from within 0.1 to 1 m of the red-stained rock, in order to describe mineralogical and geochemical changes but also changes in redox conditions. A methodology for tracing changes in mineralogy, mineral and whole rock chemistry and Fe³⁺/Fe_tot ratio in silicates and oxides in the red-stained wall rock and the reference rock is reported. The results show that the red-stained rock adjacent to the fractures displays major changes in mineralogy; biotite, plagioclase and magnetite have been altered and chlorite, K-feldspar, albite, sericite, prehnite, epidote and hematite have been formed. The changes in chemistry are however moderate; K-enrichment, Ca-depletion and constant Fe_tot are documented. The Fe³⁺/Fe_tot ratio in the oxide phase is higher in the red-stained samples whereas the Fe³⁺/Fe_tot ratio in the silicate phase is largely similar in the wall rock and the reference samples. Because most of the Fe is hosted in the silicate phase the decrease in reducing capacity (Fe²⁺), if any, in the red-stained wall rock is very small and not as high as macroscopic observations might suggest. Instead, the mineralogical changes in combination with the modest oxidation and formation of minute hematite grains in porous secondary minerals in pseudomorphs after plagioclase have produced the red-staining. Increased porosity is also characteristic for the red-stained rock. Moderate alteration in the macroscopically fresh reference rock shows that the hydrothermal alteration reaches further from the fracture than the red-staining. The extent of the red-staining can therefore not be used in the same way as the extent of the alteration adjacent to a fracture. The increase in porosity in the red-stained rock may result in enhanced retention of radio-nuclides due to an increased sorptivity and diffusion close to the fracture.  相似文献   

塔里木盆地西部地区主要石油地质特征及油气远景   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

朱德丰  刘和甫  萧德铭  蔡希源  郭占谦 《地质科学》2008,43(3):473-487

研究区构造上属中央隆起的巴楚断隆东北部和北部坳陷的阿瓦提凹陷南部。文章详细剖析了烃源岩的时代和类型,提出寒武-奥陶系的暗色泥岩、碳酸盐岩和石炭系的暗色泥岩、碳酸盐岩是区内的两套主要烃源岩。在论述了储集条件(7大套好或中等储层)、保存条件(10套Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类盖层)、生储盖组合形成(5套储盖组合)和吐木休克断裂活动(两期重大的冲断活动)的基础上,认为该区的油气藏形成时期主要受控于储盖组合形成期、圈闭形成期和排烃期,因而本区的主要成藏期是二叠纪末和新近纪。据此对研究区的油气远景进行了评价,提出和田河下游断鼻构造带和巴东4井区背冲构造是近期的勘探靶区。  相似文献   

六道湾煤矿塌陷区地面沉降监测设计方案探讨     

张兵  崔希民  赵瑞  麻德明  张红杰 《大地测量与地球动力学》2007,27(Z1):43-46

介绍了乌鲁木齐市六道湾煤矿塌陷区综合治理过程中地面沉降监测点的设计方案、观测内容、观测方法以及观测仪器的精度,同时说明了通过后续沉降观测值的数据分析所期望达到的结果等.  相似文献   

基于模糊层次分析方法的泥质有效低熟气源岩评价     

熊德明  张明峰  吴陈君  妥进才 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,45(6):1620-1630

在特定地质背景下,低熟气可以聚集成藏。由于沉积盆地的古环境、母质类型及有机质演化程度的不同,仅以低熟气源岩物理化学性质为侧重点的烃源岩评价方法很难对不同沉积盆地中的烃源岩的生烃潜力进行相对优劣排序。因此,为了快速有效评价低熟气源岩的生烃潜力,分析了w(TOC)、I_H、w("A")等10个因素对气源岩生气能力的影响,建立有效低熟气源岩评价指标体系。并运用层次分析法和模糊数学,建立低熟气源岩生烃潜力评价模型。应用此模型对乌连戈伊气田进行了生烃潜力评价,评价结果表明:Achimov气藏、Bazhenov气藏、Vasyugan气藏、Pokur气藏烃源岩是低熟气源岩;Neocomian气藏和Tyumen气藏烃源岩介于低熟气源岩和常规气源岩之间;Tampey气藏烃源岩属于常规气源岩。这与Galimov所得结论是完全吻合的,说明模型的评价结果是可靠的,可以实现低熟气源岩的综合评价,值得推广应用。  相似文献   

三峡库区侏罗系不同类型结构面抗剪强度对比     

王姣  李长冬  雍睿  梁德明 《煤田地质与勘探》2014,42(5):61-66

三峡库区侏罗系是典型的软硬相间地层,其软弱层具有亲水性强、透水性弱等特殊的工程地质特性,是库区常见的易滑地层。选取三峡库区秭归县马家沟滑坡所处地层岩体结构面为研究对象,采用室内岩体结构面直剪试验,对4种不同类型结构面的力学特性进行了研究。通过对试验数据的统计分析,绘制了各种结构面的剪应力–正应力关系曲线图及剪应力–剪切位移关系曲线图,从而获得了形成于同一地层中的4种不同结构面的抗剪强度参数,并对其剪切特性进行对比分析与研究。以结构面直剪试验结果为依据,初步分析了该地区某一典型边坡的稳定性及潜在滑动层面,为后期边坡的稳定性评价提供可靠性基础参数。   相似文献   

TeV J2032+4130: a not-so-dark accelerator?     

Y. M. Butt  J. A. Combi  J. Drake  J. P. Finley  A. Konopelko  M. Lister  J. Rodriguez  D. Shepherd 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,385(4):1764-1770

  相似文献   

Effects of freshwater inputs on the lower trophic levels of a temperate estuary: physical, physiological or trophic forcing?     

Enrique González-Ortegón  Pilar Drake 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2012,74(3):455-469

The aim of this 6?year study was to assess whether freshwater inputs (rainfall and dam discharges) were acting as physical, physiological or trophic forcing factors on phytoplankton pigment concentrations and the dominant mysids of a temperate estuary (Guadalquivir estuary; SW, Spain). The effects of natural and human-controlled freshwater inputs modified the physico-chemical conditions and consequently biological production (bottom up control). Nutrient (nitrogen hypernutrification), suspended particulate matter and allochthonous photosynthetic pigment imports linked to freshwater inputs from adjacent habitats were observed, as well as light-limited autochthonous primary production. Seasonal and/or spatial patterns were shown by all study variables, including mysids. Freshwater management effects on dominant mysids differed depending on the species?? salinity tolerance (physiological forcing) and preferred prey availability (trophic forcing). Moreover, high inorganic matter content had a negative effect on the density of Mesopodopsis slabberi (physical forcing), which led to an increased detritivory/herbivory ratio (Neomysis integer/M. slabberi ratio). In conclusion, freshwater inputs appeared to effect estuarine lower trophic levels via a combination of different forcing mechanisms. Although several general patterns can be derived, the response of the system to freshwater inputs was not always univocal.  相似文献   

倾斜仪基礅影响及零漂分析     

丁建国  陆德明  狄梁  鲁宗良 《地震地磁观测与研究》2012,33(5):255-260

通过对常熟地震台形变山洞内3套倾斜仪生命周期内的观测资料的对比分析,表明基礅的持荷作用会使混凝土产生徐变,混凝土厚薄不均其徐变能引起基礅倾斜,这种过程是非线性的,其发展呈指数分布,并贯穿仪器的整个生命周期。  相似文献