Chemical composition of stars in the galactic halo     

S. V. Ermakov  V. G. Klochkova  V. E. Panchuk  G. Zhao 《Astronomy Reports》2002,46(11):874-886

The chemical compositions of the atmospheres of six metal-poor stars are analyzed. Spectra with signal-to-noise ratios of no less than 100 and a resolution of R≈17 000 were obtained using the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The abundances of Li, O, α-process elements (Mg, Si, Ca, Ti), Na, K, Sc, iron-peak elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn), and s-process elements (Y, Ba) are derived. The star G251-54 ([Fe/H]=?1.55, T _eff=5541 K, logg=3.58) is deficient in some elements compared to both stars with similar metallicities and the Sun. The atmosphere of G251-54 has the following elemental abundances relative to iron: [O/Fe]=+0.47, [α/Fe]≈?0.3, [Na/Fe]=?0.60, [Sc/Fe]=?0.57, [Cr, Ni, Fe]≈0, [Zn/Fe]=+0.16, [Cu/Fe]=?0.66, [Y/Fe]=?0.70, and [Ba/Fe]=?1.35. The remaining five stars have metallicities in the range ?1.6<[Fe/H]相似文献   

Discussion on "Mississippi Valley-type lead–zinc deposits through geological time: implications from recent age-dating research" by D.L. Leach, D. Bradley, M.T. Lewchuk, D.T.A. Symons, G. de Marsily, and J. Brannon (2001) Mineralium Deposita 36:711–740     

Stephen E. Kesler  Charles W. Carrigan 《Mineralium Deposita》2002,37(8):800-802

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Constraints on the timing of granite emplacement, deformation and metamorphism in the Shamva area, Zimbabwe     

S. Siegesmund  H. Jelsma  J. Becker  G. Davies  P. Layer  E. van Dijk  L. Kater  M. Vinyu 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2002,91(1):20-34

In order to constrain the temporal relationship between granite (sensu lato) emplacement and metamorphism, isotope work was carried out on the minerals zircon and apatite (U-Pb), garnet (Pb-Pb) and hornblende (Ar-Ar) from wall rock samples in the Shamva area in Zimbabwe. The area, encompassing parts of the Chinamora and Murehwa batholiths and a wedge-shaped greenstone belt segment in between, is commonly quoted in the literature as an example illustrating pluton emplacement processes and deformational models for the Archean. New U-Pb dating of apatite from a boudinaged pegmatite within mafic schists in the batholith-greenstone contact zone has yielded an age of 2619 +28/-24 Ma. This age is interpreted as the best estimation of the intrusion age of this unit, depending on the assumed closure temperature, and provides an upper age limit for the syntectonic emplacement of the now gneissic granites. Pb-Pb dating of late kinematic garnets in cordierite-bearing rocks within the greenstone belt wall rocks gives an age of 2623NJ Ma. Together, this timing of relatively late, syntectonic plutonism and metamorphic mineral growth at ca. 2.62 Ga compares well with existing zircon crystallization ages for felsic volcanics (2645dž Ma, 2643NJ Ma) and post-tectonic porphyritic monzogranites (2601ᆢ Ma). Ar-Ar hornblende ages for mafic schists from different areas within the greenstone belt wall rocks range between 2621 and 2498 Ma and have been interpreted to indicate mixing between metamorphic ages and cooling ages. The data support a geological model whereby volcanism and sedimentation are associated with an early phase of regional deformation at ca. 2.64 Ga, which may have started earlier and lasted longer, and evolves into the voluminous emplacement of granites (now gneissic granites) in the batholiths at approximately 2.62 Ga. Emplacement of post-tectonic tabular monzogranites takes place at ca. 2.60 Ga.  相似文献   

Specific Compositional Features of Sediments from the Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano,Southwestern Barents Sea     

Krupskaya  V. V.  Andreeva  I. A.  Sergeeva  E. I.  Cherkashev  G. A. 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2002,37(2):130-137

The submarine Haakon Mosby mud volcano was studied in detail during several cruises, resulting in the collection of an abundant and diverse lithological material. Comprehensive field and laboratory studies made it possible to identify different types of sediments with specific granulometric and pelite fraction (<0.005 mm) compositions, as well as the regularity of their spatial distribution relative to various morphostructural zones of the mud volcano.  相似文献   

Structure of gas flows in Z And in quiescence and during outbursts     

D. V. Bisikalo  A. A. Boyarchuk  E. Yu. Kilpio  O. A. Kuznetsov 《Astronomy Reports》2002,46(12):1022-1029

A new mechanism is proposed to account for transitions between the quiescent and active states of symbiotic stars. A numerical study of the gas dynamics of the flows in the symbiotic star Z And shows that even small variations in the velocity of the wind from the cool giant can abruptly change the flow structure near the hot component. Such changes alter the accretion regime as the wind velocity increases: disk accretion makes a transition to accretion from the flow. Our calculations indicate that the accretion rate increases by a factor of several tens over a short time interval (～0.1 of the orbital period) during the rearrangement of the flow, when the accretion disk is destroyed.  相似文献   

High-Grade Fluid Metasomatism on both a Local and a Regional Scale: the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and the Val Strona di Omegna, Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Northern Italy. Part II: Phosphate Mineral Chemistry   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

HARLOV  DANIEL E.; FORSTER  HANS-JURGEN 《Journal of Petrology》2002,43(5):801-824

This study explores the origin and geochemical evolution ofapatite, monazite, and xenotime along two metamorphic traverses.The first, from the Kigluaik Mountains, Seward Peninsula, Alaska,consists of a localized (85 cm) orthopyroxene–clinopyroxene-bearingdehydration zone. The second consists of orthopyroxene ±clinopyroxene-bearing granulite facies metabasite layers interlayeredwith metapelites over a 3–4 km traverse, along the ValStrona, Ivrea–Verbano Zone, Northern Italy (IVZ). In bothdehydration zones small Th- and U-poor inclusions of monaziteand/or xenotime occur in the apatite. These inclusions are metasomaticallyinduced and nucleated within the apatite via the coupled substitutionsNa⁺ + (Y + REE)³⁺ = 2 Ca²⁺ and Si⁴⁺ + (Y + REE)³⁺ = P⁵⁺ + Ca²⁺.These are not present in apatite from the original amphibolitefacies gneiss. Apatite, in both dehydration zones, also showsa relative increase in both F and Cl compared with apatite fromthe amphibolite facies zone. Granulite facies metabasites inthe IVZ also contain isolated monazite grains, which range fromuniform to complexly zoned in Th the (13–30·1 mol% ThSiO₄). These are the product of breakdown and subsequentmobilization of the lanthanides and actinides from monazite-(Ce)in the metapelite layers into the metabasite layers at the startof granulite facies metamorphism. KEY WORDS: apatite; monazite; xenotime; KCl–NaCl brines; metasomatism; phosphate minerals; charnockite–enderbite; granulite facies metamorphism  相似文献   

Cordieritite and Leucogranite Formation during Emplacement of Highly Peraluminous Magma: the El Pilon Granite Complex (Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

RAPELA  C. W.; BALDO  E. G.; PANKHURST  R. J.; SAAVEDRA  J. 《Journal of Petrology》2002,43(6):1003-1028

Cordieritites and highly peraluminous granites within the ElPilón granite complex, Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina,were emplaced during a medium-P, high-T metamorphic event duringthe initial decompression of a Cambrian orogen along the southwesternmargin of Gondwana. Very fresh orbicular and massive cordierititebodies with up to 90% cordieritite are genetically associatedwith a cordierite monzogranite pluton and a larger body of porphyriticgranodiorite. The petrogenesis of this association has beenstudied using petrographical, mineralogical, thermobarometric,geochemical, geochronological and isotope methods. The graniticmagmas were formed by anatexis of mid-crustal metamorphic rocksformed earlier in the Pampean orogeny. The cordieritites appearat the top of feeder conduits that connected the source regionlocated at  相似文献   

Carbonate platform evolution: from a bioconstructed platform margin to a sand-shoal system (Devonian, Guilin, South China)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Daizhao Chen  Maurice E. Tucker†  Jingquan Zhu  Maosheng Jiang 《Sedimentology》2002,49(4):737-764

ABSTRACT The depositional organization and architecture of the middle–late Devonian Yangdi rimmed carbonate platform margin in the Guilin area of South China were related to oblique, extensional faulting in a strike‐slip setting. The platform margin shows two main stages of construction in the late Givetian to Frasnian, with a bioconstructed margin evolving into a sand‐shoal system. In the late Givetian, the platform margin was rimmed with microbial buildups composed mainly of cyanobacterial colonies (mostly Renalcis and Epiphyton). These grew upwards and produced an aggradational (locally slightly retrogradational) architecture with steep foreslope clinoforms. Three depositional sequences (S3–S5) are recognized in the upper Givetian strata, which are dominated by extensive microbialites. Metre‐scale depositional cyclicity occurs in most facies associations, except in the platform‐margin buildups and upper foreslope facies. In the latest Givetian (at the top of sequence S5), relative platform uplift (± subaerial exposure) and associated rapid basin subsidence (probably a block‐tilting effect) caused large‐scale platform collapse and slope erosion to give local scalloped embayments along the platform margin and the synchronous demise of microbial buildups. Subsequently, sand shoals and banks composed of ooids and peloids and, a little later, stromatoporoid buildups on the palaeohighs, developed along the platform margin, from which abundant loose sediment was transported downslope to form gravity‐flow deposits. Another strong tectonic episode caused further platform collapse in the early Frasnian (at the top of sequence S6), leading to large‐scale breccia release and the death of the stromatoporoid buildups. Siliceous facies (banded cherts and siliceous shales) were then deposited extensively in the basin centre as a result of the influx of hydrothermal fluids. The platform‐margin sand‐shoal/bank system, possibly with gullies on the slope, persisted into the latest Frasnian until the restoration of microbial buildups. Four sequences (S6–S9), characterized by abundant sand‐shoal deposits on the margin and gravity‐flow and hemipelagic deposits on the slope, are distinguished in the Frasnian strata. Smaller‐scale depositional cyclicity is evident in all facies associations across the platform–slope–basin transect. The distinctive depositional architecture and evolution of this Yangdi Platform are interpreted as having been controlled mainly by regional tectonics with contributions from eustasy, environmental factors, oceanographic setting, biotic and sedimentary fabrics.  相似文献   

Spatial variation of overbank aggradation rate and its influence on avulsion frequency   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Torbjörn E. Törnqvist  John S. Bridge† 《Sedimentology》2002,49(5):891-905

Abstract River avulsions are commonly considered to be driven by the aggradation and growth of alluvial ridges, and the associated increase in cross‐valley slope relative to either the down‐channel slope or the down‐valley slope (the latter is termed the slope ratio in the present paper). Therefore, spatial patterns of overbank aggradation rate over stratigraphically relevant time scales are critical in avulsion‐dominated models of alluvial architecture. Detailed evidence on centennial‐ to millennial‐scale floodplain deposition has, to date, been largely unavailable. New data on such long‐term overbank aggradation rates from the Rhine–Meuse and Mississippi deltas demonstrate that the rate of decrease of overbank deposition away from the channel belt is much larger than has been supposed hitherto, and can be similar to observations for single overbank floods. This leads to more rapid growth of alluvial ridges and more rapid increase in slope ratios, potentially resulting in increased avulsion frequencies. A revised input parameter for overbank aggradation rate was used in a three‐dimensional model of alluvial architecture to study its effect on avulsion frequency. Realistic patterns of avulsion and interavulsion periods (≈1000 years) were simulated with input data from the Holocene Rhine River, with avulsions occurring when the slope ratio is in the range 3–5. However, caution should be practised with respect to uncritical use of these numbers in different settings. Evidence from the two study areas suggests that the avulsion threshold cannot be represented by one single value, irrespective of whether critical slope ratios are used, as in the present study, or superelevation as has been proposed by other investigators.  相似文献   

Up to what temperature is petroleum stable? New insights from a 5200 free radical reactions model     

Florent Domin  Roda Bounaceur  Gerard Scacchi  Paul-Marie Marquaire  Daniel Dessort  Bernard Pradier  Olivier Brevart 《Organic Geochemistry》2002,33(12)

The discovery of crude oils and condensates at ever higher temperatures casts doubt on the validity of the usual geochemical modelling approach, that uses empirical reactions and rate constants. The solution used to account for such a high thermal stability is presently to adjust the rate parameters, but the physical meaning and scientific value of such a strategy can be questioned. We have developed a mechanistic model consisting of 5200 lumped free radical reactions to describe the thermal evolution of a mixture of 52 organic species meant to represent light petroleum. Rate constants used are those available in the literature or estimated using well established thermochemistry-reactivity correlations. Chemical structures included in the model are linear, branched and cyclic hydrocarbons, hydro- and alkyl-aromatics, PAHs, and three heteroatomic compounds. Reactions include cracking and alkylation chains and inhibiting and accelerating reactions from the various reactants. This model has been applied to several mixtures with various proportions of reaction inhibitors and accelerators, and to a composition representing a light mature oil. From the results obtained, we conclude that mature oils will be stable up to 240–260 °C, depending on their composition, and that the thermal cracking of oil to gas is not possible under reasonable basin conditions. The kinetics of petroleum cracking are thus much slower than generally recognized.  相似文献