Landslide inventory using image fusion techniques in Brazil     

Emerson Vieira Marcelino  Antonio Roberto Formaggio  Eduardo Eiji Maeda 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2009

The present work aims to assess the accuracy of six fusion techniques (Brovey, IHS, HSV, PCA, WTYO and WTVE) in order to compile landslide inventories using orbital images (ETM+ and PAN HRV). The study area is characterized by steep terrain and dense forest in Caraguatatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil. In terms of spatial quality, the Wavelet Transform technique provided the best results, presenting correlations above 90%. As for spectral quality, the best results were obtained with the IHS fusion. Based on the results, it may be concluded that the IHS is the best technique for preserving spatial and spectral information from the original images, so as to more clearly identify landslide scars. However, it was still not possible to typify the landslides from remote sensing data. Nonetheless, it is believed that image fusion techniques adequately met expectations in terms of their capacity to identify landslide for the creation of an inventory for the studied area.  相似文献   

Cloud condensation nuclei from biomass burning during the Amazonian dry-to-wet transition season   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jorge Alberto Martins  Fábio Luiz T. Gonçalves  Carlos A. Morales  Gilberto F. Fisch  Francisco Geraldo M. Pinheiro  João Bosco V. Leal Júnior  Carlos J. Oliveira  Emerson M. Silva  José Carlos P. Oliveira  Alexandre A. Costa  Maria Assunção F. Silva Dias 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2009,104(1-2):83-93

Aircraft measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) during the Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) were conducted over the Southwestern Amazon region in September–October 2002, to emphasize the dry-to-wet transition season. The CCN concentrations were measured for values within the range 0.1–1.0% of supersaturation. The CCN concentration inside the boundary layer revealed a general decreasing trend during the transition from the end of the dry season to the onset of the wet season. Clean and polluted areas showed large differences. The differences were not so strong at high levels in the troposphere and there was evidence supporting the semi-direct aerosol effect in suppressing convection through the evaporation of clouds by aerosol absorption. The measurements also showed a diurnal cycle following biomass burning activity. Although biomass burning was the most important source of CCN, it was seen as a source of relatively efficient CCN, since the increase was significant only at high supersaturations.  相似文献   

Denitrification and the nitrogen gas excess in the eastern tropical South Pacific oxygen deficient zone     

Bonnie X. Chang  Allan H. Devol  Steven R. Emerson 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2010,57(9):1092-1101

Recent studies of the nitrogen gas excess produced during water column denitrification have indicated that water column denitrification rates calculated using nitrate deficit-type methods could be a substantial underestimate. Since there are no other significant processes that produce (or consume) N₂ in the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ), its excess above background can be used to estimate the amount of denitrification, avoiding assumptions made in nitrate deficit calculations of the composition of the respired organic matter and also uncertainties in the nitrogen removal pathways. Dissolved N₂, Ar, and nutrient concentrations were measured at 2 stations in the ODZ of the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP) in order to compare the nitrogen gas excess with the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) deficit due to denitrification. In contrast with previous findings in the Arabian Sea ODZ, the shapes of the N₂ excess and DIN deficit profiles were similar in the ETSP ODZ, with maxima at the top of the ODZ. Maximum DIN deficits at each station were 19 and 18 μM N compared to the maximum N₂ excesses of 15 and 20 μM N, respectively. Given the same considerations of the volume and residence time for the oxygen deficient zone waters, denitrification rates for the ETSP estimated from the N₂ excess would be comparable or no greater than 30% larger than the one determined using the DIN deficit. This implies that the source of the DIN removed from the ODZ is either deep sea nitrate or organic matter with an N:P ratio close to Redfield.  相似文献   

The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS)     

A. Lawrence  S. J. Warren  O. Almaini  A. C. Edge  N. C. Hambly  R. F. Jameson  P. Lucas  M. Casali  A. Adamson  S. Dye  J. P. Emerson  S. Foucaud  P. Hewett  P. Hirst  S. T. Hodgkin  M. J. Irwin  N. Lodieu  R. G. McMahon  C. Simpson  I. Smail  D. Mortlock  M. Folger 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,379(4):1599-1617

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Anaerobic Metabolism in Tidal Freshwater Wetlands: II. Effects of Plant Removal on Archaeal Microbial Communities     

David Emerson  Wendy Bellows  Jason K. Keller  Craig L. Moyer  Ariana Sutton-Grier  J. Patrick Megonigal 《Estuaries and Coasts》2013,36(3):471-481

The interaction of plant and microbial communities are known to influence the dynamics of methane emission in wetlands. Plant manipulations were conducted in an organic rich (JB-organic) and a mineral rich (JB-mineral) site in a tidal freshwater wetland to determine if plant removal impacted archaeal populations. In concert, a suite of process-based measurements also determined the effects of plant removal on rates of methanogenesis and Fe-reduction. The microbial populations were analyzed with clone libraries of the SSU ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene from selected plots, and terminal restriction length polymorphism (tRFLP) of the SSU rRNA and the methyl-coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) gene. Overall, methanogenesis dominated anaerobic carbon mineralization at both sites during the most active growing season. A total of 114 SSU rRNA clones from four different plots revealed a diversity of Euryarchaeota including representatives of the Methanomicrobiales, Methanosarcinales and Thermoplasmatales. The clone libraries were dominated by the Thaumarchaeota, accounting for 65 % of clones, although their diversity was low. A total of 112 tRFLP profiles were generated from 56 samples from 25 subplots; the patterns for both SSU rRNA and mcrA showed little variation between sites, either with plant treatment or with the growing season. Overall these results suggest that wetland soil archaeal populations were resilient to changes in the associated surface plant communities. The work also revealed the presence of novel, mesophilic Thaumarchaeota of unknown metabolic function.  相似文献   

Laboratory P-wave measurements in dry and saturated sand     

Mark Emerson  Pierre Foray 《Acta Geotechnica》2006,1(3):167-177

We measure the P-wave velocity in a clean medium sand subject to very low stress in a large-scale laboratory cross-hole experiment for frequencies less than 10 kHz. In dry sand the velocity is depth-, and therefore, stress-dependent according to a power law. The velocity in partially saturated sand is essentially the same as in dry sand, which confirms the analytical result of the Biot–Gassmann theory. At 100% saturation, the velocity largely exceeds that in dry and partially saturated sand, once again in accordance with the Biot–Gassmann theory. However, the theory under-predicts velocities by up to 12% in some cases at full saturation. The maximum attenuation determined from spectral analysis of the measured signals closely matches the characteristic frequency predicted by the Biot model.  相似文献   

Forbidden lines of Fe II in the photospheric spectrum     

D. Emerson  E. A. Mallia 《Solar physics》1968,5(3):303-308

Divergence between determinations of the iron abundance from permitted Fe lines and forbidden Fe II lines is discussed and a re-examination of the equivalent widths of two of the [Fe II] lines is proposed.  相似文献   

Rapid Spectral Variability of DR Tau     

K.W. Smith  G.F. Lewis  I.A. Bonnell  P.S. Bunclark  J.P. Emerson 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1998,261(1-4):133-135

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Spatial and temporal zoning of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization in the Sossego iron oxide–copper–gold deposit,Carajás Mineral Province,Brazil: paragenesis and stable isotope constraints     

Lena V. S. Monteiro  Roberto P. Xavier  Emerson R. de Carvalho  Murray W. Hitzman  Craig A. Johnson  Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho  Ignácio Torresi 《Mineralium Deposita》2008,43(2):129-159

The Sossego iron oxide–copper–gold deposit (245 Mt @ 1.1% Cu, 0.28 g/t Au) in the Carajás Mineral Province of Brazil consists of two major groups of orebodies (Pista–Sequeirinho–Baiano and Sossego–Curral) with distinct alteration assemblages that are separated from each other by a major high angle fault. The deposit is located along a regional WNW–ESE-striking shear zone that defines the contact between metavolcano–sedimentary units of the ∼2.76 Ga Itacaiúnas Supergroup and tonalitic to trondhjemitic gneisses and migmatites of the ∼2.8 Ga Xingu Complex. The deposit is hosted by granite, granophyric granite, gabbro, and felsic metavolcanic rocks. The Pista–Sequeirinho–Baiano orebodies have undergone regional sodic (albite–hematite) alteration and later sodic–calcic (actinolite-rich) alteration associated with the formation of massive magnetite–(apatite) bodies. Both these alteration assemblages display ductile to ductile–brittle fabrics. They are cut by spatially restricted zones of potassic (biotite and potassium feldspar) alteration that grades outward to chlorite-rich assemblages. The Sossego–Curral orebodies contain weakly developed early albitic alteration and very poorly developed subsequent calcic–sodic alteration. These orebodies contain well-developed potassic alteration assemblages that were formed during brittle deformation that resulted in the formation of breccia bodies. Breccia matrix commonly displays coarse mineral infill suggestive of growth into open space. Sulfides in both groups of deposits were precipitated first with potassic alteration and more importantly with a later assemblage of calcite–quartz–epidote–chlorite. In the Sequeirinho orebodies, sulfides range from undeformed to deformed; sulfides in the Sossego–Curral orebodies are undeformed. Very late, weakly mineralized hydrolytic alteration is present in the Sossego/Currral orebodies. The sulfide assemblage is dominated by chalcopyrite with subsidiary siegenite, and millerite. Pyrrhotite and pyrite are minor constituents of ore in the Sequerinho orebodies while pyrite is relatively abundant in the Sossego–Curral bodies. Oxygen isotope partitioning between mineral pairs constrains temperatures in the deposit spatially and through time. In the Sequeirinho orebody, the early sodic–calcic alteration stage was characterized by temperatures exceeding 500°C and values for the alteration fluid of 6.9 ± 0.9‰. Temperature declines outward and upward from the zone of most intense alteration. Paragenetically later copper–gold mineralization displays markedly lower temperatures (<300°C) and was characterized by the introduction of ¹⁸O-depleted hydrothermal fluids −1.8 ± 3.4‰. The calculated δD_H2O and values suggest that the fluids that formed the early calcic–sodic alteration assemblage were of formational/metamorphic or magmatic origin. The decrease of values through time may reflect influx of surficially derived waters during later alteration and mineralization events. Influx of such fluids could be related to episodic fluid overpressure, resulting in dilution and cooling of the metalliferous fluid, causing deposition of metals transported as metal chloride complexes.  相似文献   

Fine scale distributions of porosity and particulate excessPb, organic carbon and CaCO₃ in surface sediments of the deep equatorial Pacific     

Richard A. Jahnke  Steven R. Emerson  J. Kirk Cochran  David J. Hirschberg 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1986,77(1)

Sediment samples were recovered from the central equatorial Pacific Ocean, sectioned at 1-mm intervals, and analyzed for porosity, organic carbon, excess²¹⁰Pb and CaCO₃. Steep porosity gradients were measured in the upper 1 cm of the sediment column with extremely high values observed near the sediment surface. Similarly, particulate organic carbon contents are highest at the sediment surface, decrease sharply in the upper 1 cm, and are relatively constant between 1 and 5 cm. CaCO₃ values, on the other hand, are lowest at the sediment surface and increase to a constant value below 5–10 mm depth. At the carbonate ooze sites, excess²¹⁰Pb is present throughout the upper 5 cm of the sediments suggesting relatively rapid particle mixing rates. However, extremely high excess²¹⁰Pb activities (> 100 dpm/g) are observed at the sediment surface with sharp gradients present in the upper 1 cm which would suggest slow rates of mixing. This apparent contradiction along with the major features of the CaCO₃ and particulate organic carbon profiles can be explained by a particle-selective feeding mechanism in which organic carbon, excess²¹⁰Pb-enriched particles are preferentially maintained at the sediment surface via ingestion and defecation by benthic organisms.  相似文献