Characterization and Application of Dried Plants to Remove Heavy Metals,Nitrate, and Phosphate Ions from Industrial Wastewaters     

Mohamed Chiban  Amina Soudani  Fouad Sinan  Saida Tahrouch  Michel Persin 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2011,39(4):376-383

Low cost adsorbents were prepared from dried plants for the removal of heavy metals, nitrate, and phosphate ions from industrial wastewaters. The efficiency of these adsorbents was investigated using batch adsorption technique at room temperature. The dried plant particles were characterized by N₂ at 77 K adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and phytochemical screening. The adsorption experiments showed that the microparticles of the dried plants presented a good adsorption of heavy metals, phosphate, and nitrate ions from real wastewaters. This adsorption increased with increasing contact time. The equilibrium time was found to be 30 min for heavy metals and nitrate ions and 240 min for phosphate ions. After the adsorption process, the Pb(II) concentrations, as well as those of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) were below the European drinking water norms concentrations. The percentage removal of heavy metals, nitrates, and phosphates from industrial wastewaters by dried plants was ～94% for Cd²⁺, ～92% for Cu²⁺, ～99% for Pb²⁺, ～97% for Zn²⁺, ～100% for ${\rm NO}_{{\rm 3}}^{{-} } $ and ～77% for ${\rm PO}_{{\rm 4}}^{3{-} } $ ions. It is proved that dried plants can be one alternative source for low cost absorbents to remove heavy metals, nitrate, and phosphate ions from municipal and industrial wastewaters.  相似文献   

Mineralogical and Geochemical Constraints on the Genesis of the Carbonate‐Hosted Jebel Ghozlane Pb–Zn Deposit (Nappe Zone,Northern Tunisia)     

Nejib Jemmali  Fouad Souissi  Emmanuel John M. Carranza  Torsten W. Vennemann 《Resource Geology》2013,63(1):27-41

The Pb–Zn deposit at Jebel Ghozlane, in the Nappe zone (northern Tunisia), is hosted by Triassic dolostones and Eocene limestones and is located along faults and a thrust‐sheet boundary. The sulfide mineralization of the deposit consists mainly of galena and sphalerite and occurs as vein, stockwork, breccia, dissemination and replacement ores. Three hydrothermal stages are involved in the formation of the ores: stage I is dominated by celestite‐barite, hydrothermal dolomite DII, colloform sphalerite, and galena I; stage II consist of galena II; and stage III contains calcite. Galena in the deposit yielded average ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 18.705, 15.667 and 38.734, respectively, suggesting a single upper crustal source reservoir for metals. Trace element data indicate the presence of Zn‐ and As‐free galena and As‐rich galena (with 0.2–0.5% As). Sphalerite contains 0.4% As, 0.7–0.9% Cd and 0.1–1.5% Fe. Microthermometric analysis of fluid inclusions in celestite shows that the deposit formed from fluids composed of heterogeneous mixtures of saline (19.5 ± 1 wt% NaCl eq.) aqueous solutions sourced from basinal brines, and gaseous CO₂‐rich phases bearing low amounts of CH₄, N₂ and/or H₂S, at temperatures of 172 ± 5°C.  相似文献   

Paleogeographical restoration and ramp tectonic evidence in Tunisian Tellian domain: Ain El Bey-Bou Awen area     

Kais Aridhi  Sabri Aridhi  Mohamed Abdoullah Ould Bagga  Saâdi Abdeljaouad  Fouad Zargouni  Eric Mercier 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(5):1591-1599

The imbrication’s area in northern Tunisia is the most external segment of Alpine range, where several associated folds types with thrust ramps are recognized within imbricate units beneath Numidian front slope. Their presence help to understand thrusting mechanisms installation through studied area. In fact, this zone was considered as a result of Paleogene gravitary slop (Kujawski (Ann Miner Géol Tunis (24):281, 1969); Caire (Ann Min Géol Tunis 26:87–110, 1973); Rouvier 1977), which is proved to be affected by major deep decollement, given rise to various structures, some are propagation folds, specific of foreland front, limited to this area, and those in more external position: Tunisian Atlas (Creusot et al. (C R Acad Sci Paris 314(Sér II):961–965, 1992); Ouali and Mercier (PII: S0191-8141(97):00048-5, 1997); Ouali 1984; Ahmadi et al. (J Struct Geol 28:721–728, 2006)). Various categories of fold ramps could be identified: frontal folds ramp NE–SW and others as lateral or oblique ramp with NW–SE trend (Aridhi et al. (C R Geosci 343:360–369, 2011)). The relation between various structures has been used as recognition tools of thrusting sequences and to propose a new deformation chronology. Delimited outcropping of these structures between two both parallel faults strikes with regional displacement, leads to interpret these faults as cogenetic tear faults of propagation thrusts; this fault separates two domains with different deformation styles from each other side.  相似文献   

Condition of development of collapse structure in the southern–central Atlassic Tunisia case study to Gafsa Basin     

Soulef Amamria  Mohamed Sadok Bensalem  Mohamed Ghanmi  Fouad Zargouni 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(6):2081-2087

The Bou Omrane is an example of southern–central Atlassic Tunisian folds, this massive is presented by an anticline delimited by a NE–SW thrust. The geometry study of this anticline (hinge and subvertical layers) associated to structural and stratigraphic correlation confirms the development of structures according to “fault propagation fold” model. Using numerical software Rampe 1.3.0, the balanced cross-sections demonstrate the complicated growth of Bou Omrane anticline. The resulted structure is obtained by thrusting on breakthrough coupled to blockage of ramp on the back limb. All these condition confirm the role of diversity of tectonics events and the inheritance tectonics notion associated with the reactivation of pre-existing faults on the genesis of folds and the development of collapse structures according to more than one decollement level.  相似文献   

Identification and Simultaneous Optimisation of Tunisian Clay Properties: Preliminary Study for the Ceramic Products     

Salah Mahmoudi  Ezzeddine Srasra  Fouad Zargouni 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2016,34(3):817-825

The relationship between composition and physical parameters such as specific surface area, cationic exchange capacity and plasticity is studied with the aim of developing regression models that would permit the prediction of clay properties. These models could be useful for mineralogists and industrial applications. Nineteen representative clay samples were collected from Jebel Ressas in north-eastern Tunisia. Mineralogical data show that clay samples cover a very large variety of minerals. The main clay mineral is illite (50–60 wt%), secondary minerals including quartz, calcite and minor amounts of Na-feldspar. This study reveals that the average amount of silica (SiO₂) and alumina (Al₂O₃) are 51.9 and 19.6 wt%, respectively. The contents of lime (CaO) and iron (Fe₂O₃) vary between 4 and 8 wt% whereas the amount of alkalis (Na₂O + K₂O) is on average 4.1 wt%. The grain size data indicates a significant amount of silt fraction, and the fraction <2 µm varies between 23 and 35 wt%. Values for plasticity index range from 16 to 28 wt%. The cation exchange capacity and the specific surface values are 34.1–45.7 meq/100 g of air-dried clay and 302–374 m²/g, respectively. Lastly, regression models are used to correlate the properties with the mineralogical and chemical compositions. The significance and the validity of models were confirmed by statistical analysis and verification experiments. The regression models can be used to select the clay properties (plasticity index, cation exchange capacity and specific surface) in relation with clay minerals proportions and the finer fraction amounts.  相似文献   

A late Triassic 40Ar/39Ar age for the El Hammam high-REE fluorite deposit (Morocco): mineralization related to the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province?     

Alain Cheilletz  Dominique Gasquet  Fouad Filali  Douglas A. Archibald  Massimo Nespolo 《Mineralium Deposita》2010,45(4):323-329

El Hammam is the only fluorite mine in Morocco (production 100,000 t/year). The fluorite mineralization is in an array of fluorite–calcite veins and is characterized by unusually high REE content in carbonate minerals (1,400 ppm in calcite; up to 2,000 ppm in siderite) and in fluorite (about 600 ppm). Since the 1960s, the genesis of the deposit has been attributed to a mesothermal hydrothermal event connected with late-Variscan granitic intrusions. Precise ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of hydrothermal K-feldspar yields an age of formation of the El Hammam deposit at 205 ± 1 Ma. Its genesis is therefore associated in time and space with the development of the Triassic–Jurassic basins and the associated anorogenic continental flood basalts of the Moroccan Mesetian Middle Atlas. The source of the hydrothermal mineralization (magmatic and/or metamorphic) is discussed.  相似文献   

Lead concentration and isotopic composition in five peridotite inclusions of probable mantle origin     

Robert E. Zartman  Fouad Tera 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1973,20(1):54-66

The lead content of five whole-rock peridotite inclusions (four lherzolites and one harzburgite) in alkali basalt ranges from 82 to 570 ppb (parts per billion). Approximately 30–60 ppb of this amount can be accounted for by analyzed major silicate minerals (olivine ≤ 10 ppb; enstatite 5–28 ppb; chrome diopside ～400 ppb). Through a series of acid leaching experiments, the remainder of the lead is shown to be quite labile and to reside in either glassy or microcrystalline veinlets or accessory mineral phases, such as apatite and mica. The lead isotopic composition of the peridotites (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb= 18.01–18.90;²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb= 15.52–15.61;²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb= 37.80–38.86) lies within the range of values defined by many modern volcanic rocks and, in particular, is essentially coextensive with the abyssal tholeiite field. In all but one instance, isotopic differences were found between the peridotite and its host alkali basalt. Two of the peridotites clearly demonstrated internal isotopic heterogeneity between leachable and residual fractions that could not simply be due to contamination by the host basalt. However, there is no evidence that these ultramafic rocks form some layer in the mantle with isotopic characteristics fundamentally different from those of the magma sources of volcanic rocks.  相似文献   

Desertification after the UNCED,Rio 1992     

Fouad N. Ibrahim 《GeoJournal》1993,31(1):4-4

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Analogy between indentation and blasting tests on brittle rocks     

Fouad Khalaf  Abdel-Zaher M. Abouzeid 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1980,13(2):99-117

SummaryAnalogy Between Indentation and Blasting Tests on Brittle Rocks This paper presents a common mechanism of breaking quasi-brittle rocks either by drilling and blasting or by indentation. Only minor modifications, to account for the prevailing boundary conditions pertaining to either one of these cutting processes, are required.Rock breakage by drilling and blasting or by indentation is based on the formation of a heterogeneous stress field due to the application of concentrated loads either by the indentor or by the detonation of the explosives. Rock behavior varies according to the stress level generated into the material. In the high stress zone it is plastic or pseudoplastic. In low stress region, failure is of the brittle extension type.In indentation the formation of a confined plastic zone is essential before chipping. However, for blasting plasticity is not necessary to occur prior to chipping because the high pressure gases that are generated from the explosion are usually quite sufficient — under suitable conditions — to create failure by extension cracking.Energy consumed in these rock cutting processes is a function of the relative amount of fines produced and their size distribution (or degree of fineness). Further improvements in rock breakage efficiency can be achieved by the proper choice of the important parameters for the specific techniques.The above analogy can be extended to other well known rock testing and breakage techniques.

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ZusammenfassungAnalogie zwischen Eindruck- und Sprengversuchen bei sprödem Gestein Dieser Bericht befaßt sich mit einem verbreiteten Verfahren zum Brechen von quasi-sprödem Gestein durch Bohren und Sprengen oder durch Eindrücken einer Spitze. Es sind nur geringe Veränderungen nötig, um die wichtigsten Randbedingungen des jeweiligen Bruchverfahrens zu berücksichtigen.Das Brechen von Fels durch Bohren und Sprengen oder durch Eindruckbeanspruchung beruht auf der Erzeugung eines inhomogenen Spannungsfeldes durch Aufbringung konzentrierter Lasten mittels einer Eindruckspitze oder einer Sprengung. Das Verhalten des Gesteins wird von der Spannungsintensität bestimmt. In Bereichen hoher Spannung ist es plastisch oder pseudoplastisch. In Zonen niedriger Spannung erhält man Dehnungssprödbrüche. Bei der Eindruckbeanspruchung ist die Ausbildung eines begrenzten plastischen Bereichs vor der Bruchauslösung ausschlaggebend. Dagegen ist für Sprengung plastisches Verhalten nicht notwendig, da die bei der Explosion entstandenen Gase unter hohem Druck bei vergleichbaren Voraussetzungen gewöhnlich völlig ausreichen, Zerstörung durch Dehnungsbruch herbeizuführen.Die für solche Felsbruchverfahren benötigte Energie ist eine Funktion des gewünschten relativen Feingutanteils und dessen Größenverteilung (oder Feinheitsgrad). Die Effektivität von Felsbruchverfahren kann durch richtige Wahl der wichtigen Parameter für die jeweilige Technik gesteigert werden.Die oben beschriebene Analogie kann auf andere bekannte Test- und Bruchverfahren übertragen werden.

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RésuméAnalogie entre poinçonnement et foudroyage des roches fragiles Cet article traite du mécanisme de rupture observé lors du poinçonnement et du foudroyage de roches du type fragile. Des modifications d'importance secondaire sont à apporter à ce mécanisme pour tenir compte des conditions aux limites propre à chacun de ce deux éssais.La rupture des roches dans des éssais est due à l'existence d'un champ de contraintes hétérogène résultant du poinçonnement or de la détonation des explosifs. Le comportement rhéologique des roches varie selon l'intensité des contraintes. A la zone comprimée, elle est du type plastique ou pseudoplastique. Par contre, dans la zone tendue, la rupture est du type fragile par extension.Dans la poinçonnement, la formation de la plasticité confinée sous le poinçon précède l'écaillage. Alors qu'en foudroyage la mise en plasticité autour du trou n'est, à priori, pas nécessaire, la forte préssion du gaz après la détonation pourrait — sour certains conditions — suffire pour rompre la roche autour de la charge d'explosif.La dépense énergétique dans le phénomène de rupture dépend de la taille des fines et de leur pourcentage dans les produits de rupture. Le choix approprié des paramètres importants du processus de coup résulte en une amélioration du son rendement.Enfin, l'analogie décrite ici pourrait être étendue à certains techniques d'éssai et de coupe de roches fragiles caractérisés par un champ de contraintes hétérogène.

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With 9 Figures  相似文献   

Isotopic and chemical investigations on Angra dos Reis     

G.J. Wasserburg  Fouad Tera  D.A. Papanastassiou  J.C. Huneke 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1977,35(2):294-316

We report on extensive isotopic studies of Pb, Sr and Xe and on chemical abundance measurements of K, Rb, Sr, Ba, Nd, Sm, U and Th for total meteorite and mineral separates of the Angra dos Reis achondrite. U-Pb, Th-Pb and Pb-Pb ages are concordant at 4.54 AE for the total meteorite and for high-purity whitlockite in Angra dos Reis. This establishes Angra dos Reis as an early planetary differentiate which has not been disturbed for these systems since 4.54 AE ago. Measured⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in pyroxene and whitlockite for Angra dos Reis (ADOR) are distinctly below BABI by two parts in 10⁴ and only one part in 10⁴ above the lowest⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (ALL) measured in an Allende inclusion. The difference in ADOR-ALL corresponds to an interval of condensation in the solar nebula of ～3 m.y. If²⁶Al was the heat source for the magmatism on the parent planets of Angra dos Reis and the basaltic achondrites (BABI) then the relatively large difference in⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, BABI - ALL, must be the result of planetary evolution rather than condensation over ～10 m.y. Xe isotopic measurements confirm the presence of large amounts of²⁴⁴Pu-produced fission Xe and show that²⁴⁴Pu was enriched in the whitlockite relative to the pyroxene by a factor of ～18. We present chemical element enrichment factors between the whitlockite and the fassaitic pyroxene in Angra dos Reis. The enrichment factors demonstrate close analogy between the rare earth elements and their actinide analogs. The enrichment factor for Pu is intermediate to the enrichment factors of Nd and Sm.  相似文献