Decorrugation and removal of directional trends of magnetic fields by the wavelet transform: application to archaeological areas   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Maurizio Fedi  Giovanni Florio 《Geophysical Prospecting》2003,51(4):261-272

The problem of removing directional trends frequently occurs in the processing of magnetic data and also in the subsequent steps of data interpretation. The so-called corrugations are typical directional trends occurring in levelled data, which may be removed in several ways. Classical techniques are based on high-pass filtering of the data and successively filtering these transformed data with directional cosine filters. Other linear features are due to real sources, such as pipelines in shallow surveys or dike swarms in regional surveys. They should, nevertheless, be considered as noise, due to the fact that their effect is strong and tends to hide the field features related to structures of more interest. We deal with both kinds of problem, presenting the results of a study in an archaeological area of southern Italy. Decorrugation of magnetic field anomalies is performed using a method based on the excellent space–frequency localization properties of wavelet bases, allowing a very sharp filtering of the field along a selected direction. We compare this technique with the classical one in a synthetic case and find that the wavelet decorrugation is simpler and produces low distortion maps. Besides the field decorrugation, the wavelet approach was also shown to be useful in the subsequent enhancement of the measured field. In fact, we show that the wavelet analysis offers a unique framework where various filtering problems (directional, isotropic, global or local as well) may be easily solved. As regards the archaeological case, strong noisy effects from elongated sources (pipelines) were successfully removed in a sharp and local way.  相似文献   

Seismic response of multi‐supported structures by proper orthogonal decomposition     

Federica Tubino  Luigi Carassale  Giovanni Solari 《地震工程与结构动力学》2003,32(11):1639-1654

The seismic analysis of structures is usually carried out considering the ground motion as fully‐correlated in space and determining the structural response by pseudo‐deterministic methods such as the response spectrum technique. Actually, the partial correlation of the seismic acceleration may influence heavily the behaviour of spatially extended structures, such as bridges, viaducts or pipelines. In order to take its partial correlation into account, the seismic ground motion is schematized as a stochastic process dependent on time and on space; the hypotheses of stationarity and homogeneity are used to obtain simple and general results. The influence of the partial correlation of the seismic ground motion on the structural response is investigated by introducing suitable Equivalent Spectra. The acceleration of the support‐points of the structure is represented by the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), defining the modes of the earthquake. The method is formulated for any kind of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom system and is applied, as a case study, to an ideal single‐storey multi‐supported frame with an axially rigid beam. In the case of two supports, the POD decouples the pseudo‐static and the dynamic contributions to the structural response. This property is preserved for structural systems with many supports, where only the lower modes of the earthquake, usually the first two POD modes, are responsible for the structural response. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Editorial     

Giovanni Barla 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2004,37(1):1-2

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Editorial     

Giovanni Barla 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2003,36(5):337-337

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An integrated geophysical investigation of the upper crust in the epicentral area of the 1980, M_s=6.9, Irpinia earthquake (Southern Italy)     

Luigi Improta  Mariateresa Bonagura  Paolo Capuano  Giovanni Iannaccone   《Tectonophysics》2003,361(1-2):139-169

In this paper, we investigate the upper crustal structure of the Irpinia region, Southern Apennines thrust belt, Italy, through analysis and joint interpretation of gravity data, seismic reflection lines and subsurface information from many deep wells. The investigated region includes the epicentral area of the 1980 (M_s=6.9) Irpinia earthquake and is one of the Italian regions with the highest seismic hazard. The upper crustal structure is imaged by modeling a series of 15 SW-trending gravity profiles, spaced about 5 km apart, plentifully constrained by seismic reflection lines and wells, thus reducing the inherent ambiguity of the gravity modeling. Despite of the complexity of the modeled Bouguer anomalies, the application of a calibrating procedure to constrain the range of variability of the density values, as well as the use of geometric constraints, results in a good level of stability in the final density cross-sections, which in fact appear coherent both in the density values and in the geometrical features. The inferred model shows important lateral density variations that can be mostly related to NW-trending geologic structures. High-density bodies delineate carbonate platform thrust sheets and broad antiforms involving Mesozoic basinal rocks, while low-density shallow bodies are associated with Pliocene basins. In addition, important density (i.e. lithological) variations are evident along the strike of the range, the most relevant being an abrupt deepening of the Apulia Carbonate Platform in the southeastern part of the investigated region. In the epicentral region of the 1980 event, we find that the geometry of the high-density, high-velocity carbonates of the Apulia Platform appears correlated with the distribution of the aftershocks and with the P-wave velocity anomaly pattern as inferred from a previous local earthquake tomography. The structural highs of the Apulia Platform correspond to high-velocity regions, where aftershocks and coseismic slip of the mainshock are concentrated. This correlation suggests that the Apulia Carbonate Platform geometry played an important role in the rupture propagation and in the aftershock distribution.  相似文献   

Steady-state operation of Stromboli volcano,Italy: constraints on the feeding system     

Grazia Giberti  Claude Jaupart  Giovanni Sartoris 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1992,54(7):535-541

Stromboli volcano has been in continuous eruption for several thousand years without major changes in the geometry and feeding system. The thermal structure of its upper part is therefore expected to be close to steady state. In order to mantaim explosive activity, magma must release both gas and heat. It is shown that the thermal and gas budgets of the volcano lead to consistent conclusions. The thermal budget of the volcano is studied by means of a finite-element numerical model under the assumption of conduction heat transfer. It is found that the heat loss through the walls of an eruption conduit is weakly sensitive to the dimensions of underlying magma reservoirs and depends mostly on the radius and length of the conduit. In steady state, this heat loss must be balanced by the cooling of magma which flows through the system. For the magma flux of about 1 kg s^-1 corresponding to normal Strombolian activity, this requires that the conduits are a few meters wide and not deeper than a few hundred meters. This implies the existence of a magma chamber at shallow depth within the volcanic edifice. This conclusion is shown to be consistent with considerations on the thermal effects of degassing. In a Strombolian explosion, the mass ratio of gas to lava is very large, commonly exceeding two, which implies that the thermal evolution of the erupting mixture is dominated by that of the gas phase. The large energy loss due to decompression of the gas phase leads to decreased eruption temperatures. The fact that lava is molten upon eruption implies that the mixture does not rise from more than about 200 m depth. To sustain the magmatic and volcanic activity of Stromboli, a mass flux of magma of a few hundred kilograms per second must be supplied to the upper parts of the edifice. This represents either the rate of magma production from the mantle source feeding the volcano or the rate of magma overturn in the interior of a large chamber.  相似文献   

Geomorphological study of the Fadalto landslide, Venetian Prealps, Italy     

Giovanni Battista Pellegrini  Nicola Surian 《Geomorphology》1996,15(3-4)

This research deals with the Fadalto landslide (Lapisina Valley, Venetian Prealps), which took place in the Lateglacial and has continued its activity until today. Our aim is to recognize how the landslide failed, the causes of such failure and the activity of this landslide. The study of this landslide is important not only to understand the geomorphological history of this alpine area, and why the Piave River modified its course in the Late Pleistocene, but also the links with human activities, and specifically with the road and rail network.The geomorphological study, carried out by the interpretation of aerial photos and by a detailed field survey, has been integrated with a geological survey, geophysical investigations and a morphometric analysis (DTM). The Fadalto landslide is considered to be a rockslide reactivated in various phases, with different dimensions and with different characters (slides, slumps and flows). The landslides have been provoked by natural causes, both external and internal; the fundamental external causes are the retreat of the Würmian glacier and tectonic activity; the internal factors that decrease the shear resistance are the bedding planes and joints of the bedrock, the attitude of the rocks dipping towards the valley bottom and, as regards more recent failures, the presence of glacial deposits underlying the landslide debris. Besides, in recent times, we must also consider human activity as a cause of slope instability.As to the activity, the Fadalto landslide is defined “dormant”. This means that in this area there is a geomorphological risk connected with the important road and rail network of the Lapisina Valley.  相似文献   

Il terremoto delle Prealpi carniche dell'8 giugno 1934 e sua profondita' ipocentrale     

Prof. Dott. Giovanni Agamennone 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1946,8(1-2):43-72

Riassunto Nel riesaminare i risultati cui sono pervenuti altri studiosi nella determinazione della profondità alla quale furono originati alcuni terremoti, l'A. ha dovuto riconoscere che le conclusioni dei loro calcoli non sono attendibili. Lo stesso è avvenuto recentemente per il terremoto veneto dell'8-6-1934, pel quale il prof. P. Caloi aveva trovato 37 km, basati su dati sismografici. Adoperando invece il metodo della decrescenza dell'intensità con la distanza, l'A. ha ottenuto ca. 10 km. Tale grave disaccordo lo ha indotto a riesaminare i vari metodi adottati dal Caloi — specie quello dell'angolo di emergenza delle onde sismiche — ed è giunto alla conclusione che la profondità di 37 km, in apparenza assai lusinghiera tanto da presentare un errore medio di soli 0,4 km, è ben lontana da raggiungere tanta esattezza.

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Summary The methods for estimate the depth of a earthquake are examined again by the Author, who come to the conclusion that some results of calculation are unreliable. This is explain for the earthquake of 8th June 1934 (Veneto), already examined by P. Caloi, who found a depth of 37 km, by means of elements deduced from seismological diagrams only. Instead, the A., using the method grounded on the decreasing of the intensity with the distance, has obtained 10 km. The analysis of this great discrepance show that some methods, as that of the angle of emergency, should be applied with prudence and limitation to assure reliable results.

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Zusammenfassung Der Verf. überprüft die Ergebnisse erhalten in der Tiefe-Bestimmung eines Bebens und zeigt wie einige Schlussfolgerungen unzulässig sind. Das wird ausführlich für das Erdbeben vom 8. Juni 1934 (Venetien) gezeigt, welches P. Caloi schon untersucht hat, erhaltend eine Tiefe von 37 km und zwar allein auf Grund von mikroseismischen Elementen. Dagegen, mit Anwendung des Verfahrens der Intensität-Abnahme mit dem Abstand, hat der Verf. eine Tiefe von nur 10 km erhalten. Diese grosse Verschiedenheit wird da me stesso studiato (1): di Costantinopoli del 1894 dal franceseLacoine (4) e (5); dei Colli Laziali del 1911, 1927 e 1928 dall'Oddone (2) e (34); dell'Istria del 29-VIII-1931, del Friuli del 25-XII-1931, di Belluno del 27-XII-1933, tutti studiati dalCaloi (14), (21), (23); quello Calabro-Siculo del 1938 dal rumenoDemetrescu (6) e (7).

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Sulla costituzione interna terrestre     

Prof. Giovanni Boaga 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1940,2(1):185-199

Riassunto L'A., ricordata la classica equazione di Clairaut sulla costituzione interna terrestre ed accennate le varie ipotesi sulla variazione continua della densità escogitate per integrare l'equazione di Clairaut, riporta i dati numerici ottenuti da Bullen per una distribuzione discontinua di densità. Determina in base ai dati di Bullen i coefficienti di quattro funzioni atte a fornire la densità a qualsiasi profondità e istituisce notevoli confronti fra le ipotesi di Roche, Helmert, Legendre, De Chaurand, Helmert generalizzata e Bullen. — Da ultimo studia il problema della variazione della gravità nell'interno della terra prendendo a base dei calcoli la ipotesi sulla variazione discontinua della densità di Bullen e qualla sulla variazione continua dovuta all'A. e da lui denominata ipotesi di Helmert generalizzata.

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Summary The Author, having summarized the classical equation of Clairaut on the internal structure of the earth and having touched upon the sundry hypotheses on the continual variation of density devised for the integration of Clairaut's equation, reports the numerical data obtained by Bullen for a discontinual distribution of density. The Author determines, after bullen's data, the coefficients of four functions apt to furnish the density at any dept whatever and makes some remarkable comparisons among the hypotheses of Roche, Helmert, Legendre, De Chaurand, Helmert generalized and Bullen. Lastly the Author studies the problem of the variation of gravity in the interior of the errth taking as a foundation of his calculations the hypothesis on the discontinual variation by Bullen and his own hypothesis on the continual variation that he calls Helmert's generalized hypothesis.

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Zusammenfassung Der Verf. erinnert zuerst die Gleichung von Clairaut betreffs der innere Beschaffenheit der Erde, sowie die verschiedenen Annahmen über die Veränderungen seiner Dichte. Auf Grund der Verteilung von Bullen bestimmt er die Koeffizienten von vier Funktionen durch welche möglich ist die Dichte in von Roche, Helmert, Legender, De Chaurand, Helmert verallgem. und Bellen. Ausserdem untersucht er das Problem der Schwere-Verteilung im Innern der Erde für die Annahme von Bullen sowie für die stetige Verteilung nach einer Formel des Verf. welche eine Verallgemeineung der Helmertschen Formel darstellt.

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Su un programma di ricerche geofisiche in Toscana per l'individuazione di giacimenti metalliferi     

Giovanni Boaga 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1940,2(1):153-158

Riassunto L'A., premessi brevi cenni sulle caratteristiche fisiche di alcuni minerali metallici (di piombo, zinco ed antimonio) e richiamate le condizioni geo-minerarie della Toscana, segnala l'opportunità di misure gravimetriche specialmente nella zona del Bottino allo scopo di individuare giaciture, spessori e pendenze di nuovi filoni e dove possono essere applicati i procedimenti di Jung sui rilievi eötvössiani relativi a figure bidimensionali.

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Summary The Author, after some hints on the physical characters of sundry metallic minerals (such of lead, zinc and antimony) and having summarized the geominerary conditions of Tuscany, points out the necessity of gravimetrical measurements particularly in the zone of Bottino in order to find out the layers, the thickness and inclination of new veins and the place where the methods of Jung on the eötvössian reliefs cancerning bidimensional figures may be applied.

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Zusammenfassung Bezugsnehmend auf die physik. Eigenschaften einiger Erzen (besonders von Blei, Zink und Antimon) und auf die geologischen Verhältnisse von Toskana, hebt der Verf. die Zweckmässigkeit gravimetrischer Messungen hervor und vor allem in der Zone des Bottino um die Erzmassen in der betreffenden Lage zu bestimmen.

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Pisa, 14 aprile 1940-XVIII  相似文献