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排序方式: 共有133条查询结果,搜索用时 406 毫秒
21.
Hajime Fukushima Akiko Higurashi Yasushi Mitomi Teruyuki Nakajima Toshimitsu Noguchi Toshio Tanaka Mitsuhiro Toratani 《Journal of Oceanography》1998,54(5):417-430
This paper first describes the atmospheric correction algorithm for OCTS visible band data used at NASDA/EOC. Sharing a basic
structure with Gordon and Wang’s Sea WiFS algorithm, it uses 10 candidate aerosol models including the “Asian dust model”
introduced in consideration of the unique feature of aerosols over the east Asian waters. Based on the observations at 670
and 865 nm bands, the algorithm selects a pair of aerosol models that account best for the observed spectral reflectances,
and synthesizes the aerosol reflectance used for the atmospheric correction. Two different schemes for determining the value
of the parameter for the aerosol model selection are presented and their anticipated estimation error is analyzed in terms
of retrieved water reflectance at 443 nm. The results of our numerical simulation show that the standard deviation of the
estimation error of the “weighted average” scheme is mostly within the permissible level of ±0.002, reducing the error by
18% on average compared to the “simple average” scheme. The paper further discusses the expected error under the old CZCS-type
atmospheric correction, which assumes constant aerosol optical properties throughout the given image. Although our algorithm
has a better performance than the CZCS algorithm, further analysis shows that the error induced by the assumption taken in
the algorithm that the water-leaving radiance at 670 nm band is negligibly small may be large in high pigment concentration
waters, indicating the necessity for future improvements. 相似文献
22.
Naohisa Nishida Taku Ajioka Ken Ikehara Rei Nakashima Hajime Katayama Tomoyuki Sato Seishiro Furuyama Toru Tamura 《Sedimentology》2020,67(1):559-575
Sandy shelf sediments are important elements of clastic sedimentary systems because of their wide distribution in the geological record and their significance as hydrocarbon reservoirs. Although many studies have investigated shelf sediments influenced by waves or tidal currents, little is known about shelf sediments influenced by oceanic currents, particularly their lithofacies characteristics and stratigraphic evolution. This study investigated the stratigraphic evolution of shelf sediments off the Kujukuri strandplain facing the Pacific Ocean, which is influenced by the strong Kuroshio Current. Sediment cores were obtained from six locations on the Kujukuri shelf (34 to 124 m water depth) using a vibrocorer. The dominant lithofacies is mud-free sand with low-angle cross-lamination associated with alternating beds of finer and coarser sand with cross-lamination. These display depositional processes influenced by storm waves and the Kuroshio Current, respectively. This finding is consistent with the previously presented modern and historical observations of the Kuroshio Current and estimates of the storm-wave base. Radiocarbon dates show that the sediment succession formed during the last transgressive and highstand stages after 13·1 ka. The depositional processes during the stages represent a transition from storm waves with abundant sediment supply to both storm waves and the Kuroshio Current with sediment starvation mainly due to its trapping in the strandplain. Comparison to other Holocene–Modern shelf systems suggests that the sandy shelf successions are strongly influenced by oceanic currents under conditions of limited riverine input and open coastal geometry. The resultant sand-dominated succession is characterized by reversal of the proximal to distal grain-size trend compared to the fining for most other recognized wave/storm-dominated shelf successions. This is because of seaward increase in the influence of the Kuroshio Current. Thus, shelf deposits are naturally complex, and these may be further complicated by the additional influence of oceanic currents above the usual wave-dominated and tide-dominated end members. 相似文献
23.
A numerical study of tropospheric ozone in the springtime in East Asia 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
The Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ)coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)is applied to East Asia to study the transport and photochemical transformation of tropospheric ozone in March 1998.The calculated mixing ratios of ozone and carbon monoxide are compared with ground 1evel observations at three remote sites in Japan and it is found that the model reproduces the observed features very well.Examination of several high episodes of ozone and carbon monoxide indicates that these elevated levels are found in association with continental outflow,demonstrating the critical role of the rapid transport of carbon monoxide and other ozone precursors from the continental boundary layer.In comparison with available ozonesonde data,it is found that the model-calculated ozone concentrations are generally in good agreement with the measurements,and the stratospheric contribution to surface ozone mixing ratios is quite limited. 相似文献
24.
东亚地区春季二氧化硫的输送与转化过程研究I.模式及其验证 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
结合新近评估的东亚地区污染源资料,作者利用一个耦合的区域化学输送模式系统以探讨东亚地区春季期间气象过程、气相与液相化学过程、非均相化学过程、气溶胶过程和干湿沉降过程对二氧化硫输送及转化过程的影响,并研究二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的空间分布及变化特征.模拟的二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的浓度值与2001年春季飞机和地面获取的观测值进行了比较.比较结果显示,模拟值与观测值具有很好的一致性,模式系统很好地反映了二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的分布特征和变化规律,再现了许多观测到的重要特征,为进一步分析模拟结果奠定了基础. 相似文献
25.
This paper presents an experimental study on the local bed morphology and grain size characteristics around an impermeable spur dyke.A series of experiments are conducted with different types of sedime... 相似文献
26.
Shigehiro Fujino Hajime Naruse Dan Matsumoto Norihiko Sakakura Apichart Suphawajruksakul Thanawat Jarupongsakul 《Island Arc》2010,19(3):389-398
Measurements of thickness and grain size along flow‐parallel transects across onshore deposits of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami revealed macroscopic horizontal variations and provided new insights into tsunami sedimentation. The tsunami caused severe erosion of beaches, river mouths, and the shallow seafloor along the coast of southwestern Thailand and supplied sufficient sediment to deposit a kilometer‐wide blanket of sand on the land surface. The tsunami deposits generally fine landward with some fluctuations caused by local entrainment and settlement of sediments. Sediments of medium and fine sand are restricted to a few hundreds of meters inland from their source, whereas finer grained sediments were suspended longer and deposited 1 km or more inland. Although the thickness of the tsunami deposits is strongly influenced by local topography, they generally thin landward. In areas of low‐relief topography, the rate of landward thinning is exponential and reflects the dominance of sediment supply to nearshore areas over that to areas farther inland. 相似文献
27.
Badri Bhakta Shrestha Hajime Nakagawa Kenji Kawaike Yasuyuki Baba Hao Zhang 《Natural Hazards》2012,61(2):577-602
Experience shows that debris flows containing large woody debris (driftwood) can be more damaging than debris flows without
driftwood. In this study, the deposition process of debris flows carrying driftwood was investigated using numerical simulations
and flume experiments. Debris-flow trapping due to driftwood jamming in a slit-check dam was also investigated. A numerical
model was developed with an interacting combination of Eulerian expression of the debris flow and Lagrangian expression of
the driftwood, in which the fluctuating coordinates and rotation of the driftwood were treated stochastically. The calculated
shapes and thicknesses of a debris-flow fan and the positions and orientations of the deposited driftwood on a debris-flow
fan were consistent with experimental flume results. The jamming of driftwood in a slit-check dam was evaluated based on geometry
and probability. The simulated results of outflow discharge and the proportion of driftwood passed through the slit-check
dam also agreed with the experimental results. 相似文献
28.
To determine the existence of p-nitrophenol (PNP)-lowering bacteria in intestine of Japanese coastal fish, the gastro-intestinal contents were incubated in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth and minimal medium (MM) broths containing 1 mmol/L PNP at 30 °C for 7 days. Among 26 samples of 19 fish species, 17 samples showed a decrease in PNP of 0.5-0.8 mmol/L in BHI broth, but no decrease was shown in MM broth. Eighteen PNP-lowering bacterial strains were isolated from four fishes. All of the strains were identified as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Three L. lactis strains JS1-3 isolated from Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus showed the highest PNP-lowering activity (0.44 mmol/L). Optimum temperature and pH for the growth and PNP decreasing corresponded with the marine environment. These results suggested that marine fishes have PNP decreasing bacteria in their intestine. These bacteria might protect host fish from toxicities of PNP and PNP related compounds. 相似文献
29.
Hedonic approaches based on spatial econometrics and spatial statistics: application to evaluation of project benefits 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study discusses the theoretical foundation of the application of spatial hedonic approaches—the hedonic approach employing
spatial econometrics or/and spatial statistics—to benefits evaluation. The study highlights the limitations of the spatial
econometrics approach since it uses a spatial weight matrix that is not employed by the spatial statistics approach. Further,
the study presents empirical analyses by applying the Spatial Autoregressive Error Model (SAEM), which is based on the spatial
econometrics approach, and the Spatial Process Model (SPM), which is based on the spatial statistics approach. SPMs are conducted
based on both isotropy and anisotropy and applied to different mesh sizes. The empirical analysis reveals that the estimated
benefits are quite different, especially between isotropic and anisotropic SPM and between isotropic SPM and SAEM; the estimated
benefits are similar for SAEM and anisotropic SPM. The study demonstrates that the mesh size does not affect the estimated
amount of benefits. Finally, the study provides a confidence interval for the estimated benefits and raises an issue with
regard to benefit evaluation. 相似文献
30.
Dissolved and particulate concentrations of silver in Tokyo Bay estuarine waters and Japanese rivers were determined in this
study. The dissolved silver concentrations in the surface water of Tokyo Bay range from 5.9 to 15.1 pmol kg−1, which is comparable to those in the surface water of the Japan Sea, but two or three times higher than those in the surface
water of the open ocean. However, elevated concentrations of dissolved silver are not found in Tokyo Bay compared with those
in other highly urbanized estuaries, such as San Francisco Bay (20∼243 pmol kg−1). In the Tokyo Bay estuary, silver typically exhibits non-conservative mixing behavior, which is a common feature in the
other estuaries reported previously. Dissolved silver concentrations decrease with salinity from the rivers to the mouth of
Tokyo Bay. Silver is efficiently scavenged by suspended particulates, as evidenced by the high conditional distribution coefficients
for silver throughout the estuary (log Kd > 5.0 ± 0.6). The silver fluxes into Tokyo Bay via inflowing rivers and atmospheric deposition were estimated as 83 kg y−1 and 15 kg y−1, respectively. A simple budget calculation shows that the silver supplied from rivers and atmosphere must be rapidly scavenged
within the Tokyo Bay estuary. 相似文献