Differential geodetic stereo SAR with TerraSAR-X by exploiting small multi-directional radar reflectors   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Christoph Gisinger  Martin Willberg  Ulrich Balss  Thomas Klügel  Swetlana Mähler  Roland Pail  Michael Eineder 《Journal of Geodesy》2017,91(1):53-67

In this paper, we report on the direct positioning of small multi-directional radar reflectors, so-called octahedrons, with the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite TerraSAR-X. Its highest resolution imaging mode termed staring spotlight enables the use of such octahedron reflectors with a dimension of only half a meter, but still providing backscatter equivalent to 1–2 cm observation error. Four octahedrons were deployed at Wettzell geodetic observatory, and observed by TerraSAR-X with 12 acquisitions in three different geometries. By applying our least squares stereo SAR algorithm already tested with common trihedral corner reflectors (CRs), and introducing a novel differential extension using one octahedron as reference point, the coordinates of the remaining octahedrons were directly retrieved in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). Contrary to our standard processing, the differential approach does not require external corrections for the atmospheric path delays and the geodynamic displacements, rendering it particularly useful for joint geodetic networks employing SAR and GNSS. In this paper, we present and discuss both methods based on results when applying them to the aforementioned Wettzell data set of the octahedrons. The comparison with the independently determined reference coordinates confirms the positioning accuracy with 2–5 cm for the standard approach, and 2–3 cm for the differential processing. Moreover, we present statistical uncertainty estimates of the observations and the positioning solutions, which are additionally provided by our parameter estimation algorithms. The results also include our 1.5 m CR available at Wettzell, and the outcomes clearly demonstrate the advantage of the multi-directional octahedrons over conventional CRs for global positioning applications with SAR.  相似文献   

Epicentre maps of the Mediterranean area (1901–1985)     

V. Kárník  K. Klíma 《Natural Hazards》1993,7(2):173-185

The earthquake catalogue of the European area, 1901–1985, with unified magnitudes, has been used for the preparation of epicentre maps of the Mediterranean area. Epicentres have been plotted on three sheets for different magnitude ranges,M _B (orm _B ) 5, 0,M _S (orm _B ) = 4.4–4.9,M _S (orm _B ) 4.3, according to the estimated levels of homogeneity. The first map (M 5) enables an objective comparison of seismicity over the whole Mediterranean area. The other two maps are complementary without the guarantee of completeness. Epicentres define the position of principal earthquake zones and levels of earthquake activity. The maps also serve as the starting point for further data processing. Graphs illustrating the time variation of earthquake activity in the whole area and the mean magnitude-frequency relationships are included.  相似文献   

Multi-stage magma ascent beneath the Canary Islands: evidence from fluid inclusions     

Thor H. Hansteen  Andreas Klügel  Hans-Ulrich Schmincke 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,132(1):48-64

Gabbroic and ultramafic xenoliths and olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts in basaltic rocks from Gran Canaria, La Palma, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Gomera (Canary Islands) contain abundant CO₂-dominated fluid inclusions. Inclusion densities are strikingly similar on a regional scale. Histogram maxima correspond to one or more of the following pressures: (1) minimum 0.55 to 1.0 GPa (within the upper mantle); (2) between 0.2 and 0.4 GPa (the Moho or the lower crust); (3) at about 0.1 GPa (upper crust). Fluid inclusions in several rocks show a bimodal density distribution, the lower-density maximum comprising both texturally early and late inclusions. This is taken as evidence for an incomplete resetting of inclusion densities, and simultaneous formation of young inclusions, at well-defined magma stagnation levels. For Gran Canaria, pressure estimates for early inclusions in harzburgite and dunite xenoliths and olivine phenocrysts in the host basanites overlap at 0.9 to 1.0 GPa, indicating that such magma reservoir depths coincide with levels of xenolith entrainment into the magmas. Magma chamber pressures within the mantle, inferred to represent levels of mantle xenolith entrainment, are 0.65–0.95 GPa for El Hierro, 0.60–0.68 GPa for La Palma, and 0.55–0.75 GPa for Lanzarote. The highest-density fluid inclusions in many Canary Island mantle xenoliths have probably survived in-situ near-isobaric heating at the depth of xenolith entrainment. Inclusion data from all islands indicate ponding of basaltic magmas at Moho or lower crustal depths, and possibly at an additional higher level, strongly suggestive of two main crustal accumulation levels beneath each island. We emphasize that repeated magmatic underplating of primitive magmas, and therefore intrusive accretion, are important growth mechanisms for the Canary Islands, and by analogy, for other ocean islands. Comparable fluid inclusion data from primitive rocks in other tectonic settings, including Iceland, Etna and continental rift systems (Hungary, South Norway), indicate that magma accumulation close to Moho depths shortly before eruption is not, however, restricted to oceanic intraplate volcanoes. Lower crustal ponding and crystallization prior to eruption may be the rule rather than the exception, independent of the tectonic setting. Received: 30 May 1997 / Accepted: 6 February 1998  相似文献   

Ventilation Processes in a Three-Dimensional Street Canyon     

Štěpán Nosek  Libor Kukačka  Radka Kellnerová  Klára Jurčáková  Zbyněk Jaňour 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2016,159(2):259-284

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Episodic construction of the Tatra granitoid intrusion (Central Western Carpathians,Poland/Slovakia): consequences for the geodynamics of Variscan collision and Rheic Ocean closure     

Aleksandra Gawęda  Jolanta Burda  Urs Klötzli  Jan Golonka  Krzysztof Szopa 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2016,105(4):1153-1174

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The elastic constants of crystalline limestone computed from the velocities of body waves     

Karel Klíma  Reviewer V. Červený 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1973,17(3):255-260

m¶rt; uu nu nm u m n¶rt; , nua [4], una ¶rt; aa uma u um aumnuu. ma amuaa amu ¶rt; nm nu nm, m annuum uamuu u ¶rt;uauu ma n¶rt; . m u mu nm um ¶rt;a, nau au. ma ¶rt;a¶rt;amu nm u m n¶rt; n¶rt;um m m au.  相似文献   

A comparison of measured and calculated elastic anisotropies of marble     

Karel Klíma  Vladislav Babuška 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1968,12(4):377-384

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Die Entwicklung und das Alter unserer Gebirge     

Walther Klüpfel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1959,46(2):505-525

Zusammenfassung Die in den Gebirgen fehlenden Kriterien für ihren Bewegungsgang und das Datum ihrer Erhebung werden ersetzt durch vulkanische Bewegungsindikatoren, sowie durch das z. T. präglazial-pliozäne Alter der am Aufbau beteiligten und wieder freigelegten Intrusivbasalte. Im Bruchschollengebirge des tertiären Cantalvulkans wird ein fünfmaliges Zurücksinken und Wiederaufsteigen während des Pliozäns nachgewiesen, wobei die letzte Gebirgserhebung in das ältere Pleistozän fällt. Der ermittelte Mechanismus und die Datierung seines letzten Aufstiegs werden auf die Mittel- und Hochgebirge übertragen und die Indizien für analoge Vorgänge in den Ostalpen näher dargelegt.Dieser Aufsatz (Vortrag am 12. März 1956) bildet den zweiten Teil des in Göttingen angemeldeten Vortrags: Über einige geophysikalisch und morphologisch bemerkenswerte Ergebnisse der vulkangeologischen Forschung. Der Vortrag des ersten Teils ist wegen Zeitmangels unterblieben.  相似文献   

Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Metals in Melen Watershed Groundwater,Turkey          下载免费PDF全文

Ahmet Çelebi  Bülent Şengörür  Bjørn Kløve 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2015,43(5):739-745

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Petrography,geochemistry and geochronology of granite hosted rhyodacites associated with a disseminated pyrite mineralization (Arnolz,Southern Bohemian Massif,Austria)     

Göd  Richard  Kurzweil  Johannes  Klötzli  Urs 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2017,111(2):219-236

Mineralogy and Petrology - The study focuses on a subvolcanic rhyodacite dyke intruding a fine grained biotite granite and paragneisses of the South Bohemian Massif, part of the Variscan Orogenic...  相似文献