A simple approach to evaluating leakage through thin impervious element of high embankment dams     

Gang Deng  Kui Cao  Rui Chen  Xingxing Zhang  Qi Yin  Hao Zhou 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(1):25

Internal erosion is the most common reason which induces failure of embankment dams besides overtopping. Relatively large leakage is frequently concentrated at defects of impervious element, and this will lead to eventual failure. The amount of leakage depends not only on integrity of impervious element, but also on dam height, shape of valley, shape of impervious element and water level in reservoir. The integrity of impervious element, which represents the relative level of seepage safety, is not easy to be determined quantitatively. A simple method for generalization of steady seepage state of embankment dams with thin impervious element is proposed in this paper. The apparent overall value of permeability coefficient for impervious element can be obtained by this method with reasonable accuracy and efficiency. A defect parameter of impervious element is defined as an index to characterize seepage safety of embankment dams. It equals the ratio of the apparent overall value of permeability coefficient to the measured value in laboratory for intact materials. Subsequently, seepage safety of three dams is evaluated and the evolution of defect level of impervious element of dams is investigated. It is proved that the newly proposed method in this paper is feasible in the evaluation of relative seepage safety level of embankment dams with thin impervious element.  相似文献   

Extreme deformation characteristics and countermeasures for a tunnel in difficult grounds in southern Shaanxi,China     

Jinxing Lai  Xiuling Wang  Junling Qiu  Jianxun Chen  Zhinan Hu  Hao Wang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(19):706

The Qingling–Bashan (QB) mountain region in southern Shaanxi mainly consists of strongly compressive zones from east to west, with tight folds and compressive fractures. There is a wide distribution of soft rocks of various types, such as phyllite and slate, accompanied by complex geological structures. Ironically, tunnel construction in these difficult grounds with complicated geological conditions embraces a high risk of extreme deformation due to various unpredictable reasons, which can frequently cause collapse and result in budget overruns during the construction period. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct effective countermeasures to eliminate or avoid such adverse impacts. This paper provides a case study on the “Yingfeng tunnel” (a tunnel constructed in soft rock consisting of a slate ground) based on a geological survey, indoor experiments and in situ monitoring. A successive rock mass deformation resulted in the tunnel lining seriously intruding into construction clearance and some other sections, even collapsing during the construction. The maximum displacement amount was 62.5 cm, while the maximum deformation speed reached as high as 34.18 mm/day. Additionally, to evaluate the construction impacts of tunnelling-induced geo-hazards, an investigation on extreme deformation was conducted. Considering the time-dependent features of the rock mass deformation, the constraint-convergence method was used to put forward applicable countermeasures in this paper. Finally, from the feedbacks of monitoring results, extreme deformation of the Yingfeng tunnel was effectively controlled.  相似文献   

Characterization of shale matrix pore structure via experiment and model     

Hao Zhang  Ying Zhong  Jiping She  Guanfang Li 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(12):320

Shale gas reservoirs develop multi-scale pores ranging in size from nanometer to micrometer, the characteristics of gas transport involve the multi-scale pore space which divided into organic and inorganic matrix pores. This paper reveals the shale pore structure with large amounts of organic mesoporous based on the techniques of focused ion beam scanning electron microscopes (FIB-SEM), high-pressure mercury intrusion (MICP), and low-pressure adsorption (LPA), which also shows the size and distribution of these pores. Then the research characterizes effective pore scale via circular tube bundle model with due regard for gas adsorption layer thickness on the walls of organic pores and water film thickness on the walls of inorganic pores, and the investigation of shale pore geometry is significant for designing and developing shale gas reservoirs. This work shows that the widely existing shale mesoporous volume with diameter of 2~50 nm accounts for 81% based on experimental testing, then it reduces to about 76% via effective diameter model calculation.  相似文献   

Comparison between the TOPMODEL and the Xin’anjiang model and their application to rainfall runoff simulation in semi-humid regions     

Gairui Hao  Jiake Li  Liming Song  Huaien Li  Zhilu Li 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(7):279

To study the application of the TOPMODEL and the Xin’anjiang model to rainfall runoff simulation in semi-humid regions, the Holtan excess infiltration runoff module was added to the TOPMODEL structure. The basin of the Heihe Jinpen Reservoir in Shaanxi Province, China, was selected as the study area. Rainfall and runoff data and digital elevation models were collected. The watershed topographic parameters and 21 floods that occurred from 2005 to 2013 were obtained to simulate rainfall runoff. Results show that the improved TOPMODEL and the Xin’anjiang model can effectively stimulate rainfall runoff. The average values of their Nash coefficient are 0.84 and 0.83, respectively, upon calibration, and 0.78 and 0.80, respectively, upon validation. The Xin’anjiang model performs slightly better than the improved TOPMODEL. The results of large flood peaks are better than those of ordinary floods. Both results can be used to simulate the rainfall runoff of a watershed.  相似文献   

The Study of Stream Sediment Geochemical Data Processing by Using <Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis>-Means Algorithm and Centered Logratio Transformation—an Example of a District in Hunan,China     

Mi Tian  Libo Hao  Xinyun Zhao  Jilong Lu  Yuyan Zhao 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(12):1233-1244

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内蒙古丰镇市泉子沟斑岩钼矿床成岩成矿年代学及其地质意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张明玉  李铁刚  陈公正  吴晓光  赵正  黄凡  吴昊  王国瑞  许立权  张彤 《矿床地质》2018,37(2):339-354

泉子沟斑岩钼矿床位于内蒙古丰镇市,地处华北克拉通北缘内蒙古台隆凉城断隆内。矿区出露一套燕山期花岗质杂岩体——红娘山杂岩体,主要由中粗粒花岗岩、似斑状花岗岩和石英斑岩组成,钼矿体主要赋存于似斑状花岗岩中。文章在详细的野外地质调查基础上,对泉子沟矿床的成岩成矿时代进行了详细研究,并探讨了地质意义。5件辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄介于(158.8±2.2)Ma~(161.5±2.2)Ma之间,其加权平均值为(159.8±1.0)Ma(MSWD=0.92),等时线年龄为(161.7±3.1)Ma(MSWD=1.40)。红娘山杂岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为:中粗粒花岗岩结晶年龄为(173±1)Ma(MSWD=0.88),似斑状花岗岩侵位年龄为(162±1)Ma(MSWD=0.40),石英斑岩结晶年龄为(160±2)Ma(MSWD=1.90)。辉钼矿Re-Os和锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,泉子沟钼矿床形成于晚侏罗世早期,成矿与似斑状花岗岩关系密切。泉子沟钼矿床的辉钼矿w(Re)介于16.49×10~(-6)~32.87×10~(-6),暗示成矿物质主要来自下地壳。  相似文献   

河南崤山金矿床流体包裹体及同位素特征     

李铁刚  孟宪锋  王国瑞  肖建辉  吴昊  范海洋  员晓琪 《矿床地质》2018,37(2):403-419

崤山金矿床位于华北克拉通南缘的豫西地区,矿体大多呈脉状产于断裂带内。成矿期可以划分为3个阶段:(1)石英-黄铁矿阶段;(2)石英-多金属硫化物阶段;(3)石英-碳酸盐阶段。成矿期石英中发育气液两相水溶液包裹体(WL型)和H_2O-CO_2包裹体(C型)。石英-黄铁矿阶段发育WL型和C型包裹体,它们的均一温度为300~393℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为1.6%~11.0%,密度介于0.57~0.82 g/cm~3;石英-多金属硫化物阶段亦发育WL型和C型包裹体,它们的均一温度为261~298℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为1.1%~11.8%,密度介于0.74~0.89 g/cm~3;石英-碳酸盐阶段仅见WL型包裹体,其均一温度为193~258℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))介于2.2%~12.7%,密度为0.87~0.97g/cm~3。成矿流体具有中高温、中低盐度、低密度等特征,属于H_2O-NaCl±CO_2体系。崤山金矿石英的δ~(18)OH_2O值介于0.7‰~4.5‰之间,δDV-SMOW值介于-47.8‰~-69.5‰之间。H-O同位素结果表明成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水。矿石硫化物的δ_(34)SV-CDT值为0.7‰~3.9‰,206Pb/204Pb值为17.391~17.728,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb值为15.420~15.577,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb值为37.420~37.923。S-Pb同位素结果表明成矿物质主要来源于花岗质岩浆。崤山金矿为中温热液脉型金矿,流体相分离和温度的降低是导致矿质沉淀的主要机制。  相似文献   

敦煌造山带长山子地区变质演化及年代学研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

范文寿  王浩  张谦  刘嘉惠  石梦岩  李真  吴春明 《岩石学报》2018,34(9):2773-2792

长山子地区位于敦煌造山带东北部,瓜州南部约100km处。该区主要出露一套中-高级变质表壳岩,主要岩石类型有长英质片麻岩、变泥质麻粒岩、高压基性麻粒岩、斜长角闪片麻岩。高压基性麻粒岩岩块、斜长角闪片麻岩岩块以构造透镜体或布丁(长度为0. 5~15m)的形式,被夹持于长英质片麻岩、变泥质麻粒岩组成的基质之中,呈现典型"基质夹岩块"的混杂带特征。高压基性麻粒岩、斜长角闪片麻岩、泥质麻粒岩中,普遍保留了二至三个阶段的变质矿物组合。进变质阶段矿物组合(M1)为石榴子石变斑晶中的细小矿物包裹体,变质高峰期矿物组合(M2)为石榴子石变斑晶和基质矿物,退变质阶段矿物组合(M3)主要为围绕石榴子石变斑晶边部发育的"白眼圈"状后成合晶。本区各类变质岩石均记录了顺时针型变质作用P-T轨迹,系典型俯冲-碰撞造山带变质作用特征。退变质阶段P-T轨迹属于西阿尔卑斯型,说明变质岩折返速率较快。变质高峰期(M2)属于中压变质相系,P-T条件分别为790~870℃/1.29~1.37GPa(高压基性麻粒岩)、680~685℃/0.89~0.97GPa(斜长角闪片麻岩)、860~880℃/0.90~1.14GPa(变泥质麻粒岩),它们之间存在大的差异。这说明,它们是形成于同一俯冲隧道内不同深度的变质岩石,在构造折返阶段才混杂在一起形成构造混杂岩。二次离子质谱(SIMS)锆石U-Pb定年表明,长山子地区变质杂岩记录了早泥盆世的俯冲事件(419~417Ma)。  相似文献   

东昆仑五龙沟金矿田控矿构造带的变形条件——来自EBSD组构的启示   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈柏林  张昊  陈建林  王永  王铜  韩玉  张延林 《地球学报》2018,39(1):1-13

五龙沟金矿田是东昆仑地区最重要的金矿集中区之一,金矿田主要控矿构造为偏脆性断裂破碎带,在三条控矿构造带中仅在萤石沟—红旗沟构造带邻近北侧的局部出露韧性变形带。本文作者运用电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)技术方法,对东昆仑五龙沟金矿田萤石沟—红旗沟构造带变形岩石的组构分析显示,花岗质糜棱岩韧性变形强烈,大部分样品石英变形机制是以中温I级柱面(1010)1120滑移为主,变形式样比较单一;少量样品为中高温II级柱面(101—0)0001滑移和中低温底面(0001)112—0滑移。从岩石组构特点结合宏观构造分析,五龙沟金矿田萤石沟—红旗沟构造带及其邻近北侧经历了中-中深层次、中-中高温条件(15~25 km,t=350~550°C,P=0.40~0.60 Gpa)的韧性变形,局部叠加中浅层次、中低温条件(10~15 km,t=250~350°C,P=0.25~0.40 Gpa)的韧脆性变形;而岩金沟和三道梁—苦水泉构造带为低温低压条件的脆性破碎带。结合变形花岗闪长岩年代学资料,确定构造变形时代为早中生代。  相似文献   

西藏措勤盆地的地层学研究进展及上二叠统—侏罗系地层序列的厘定     

纪占胜  姚建新  武桂春  孙倩  石秋圆  何继富  李浩  刘振宇  郭安臣  侯召硕  李东泽 《地球学报》2018,39(4):401-407

本文简要总结了西藏措勤盆地相关区域的地层学研究进展。近年来,笔者及研究团队对措勤盆地及邻区进行了多次野外地质调查和室内古生物鉴定和研究,获得了一些新的发现和认识,在结合前人在相关地区取得的地层学成果和资料的基础上,厘定了该地区上二叠统—侏罗系的地层序列。措勤盆地的上二叠统是以文布当桑组为代表的灰岩和以木纠错组为代表的白云岩。三叠系存在着广海陆棚相和碳酸盐岩台地两种地层序列:前者自下而上划分为下三叠统嘎仁错组、中三叠统至上三叠统卡尼阶珠龙组、上三叠统诺利阶江让组、上三叠统瑞替阶至下侏罗统敌布错组;后者自下而上划分为木纠错组、待建的中三叠统、上三叠统诺利阶麦隆岗组和上三叠统瑞替阶至下侏罗统的确哈拉组。下侏罗统与上三叠统瑞替阶难以区分开。中侏罗统的岩性为深海-半深海相泥岩夹有基性-超基性岩。上侏罗统自下而上划分为萨波直不勒组和吐卡日组,目前尚未发现提唐阶的化石,因此推测下白垩统多尼组和吐卡日组之间有沉积间断。措勤盆地在晚二叠世—早三叠世、晚三叠世诺利期和晚侏罗世牛津期—基默里奇期都处于碳酸盐岩台地环境,冈底斯地区在中三叠世和中侏罗世发生了2期构造伸展事件,在晚三叠世诺利期末期和晚侏罗世基默里奇期晚期发生了两次构造抬升事件。构造伸展和挤压抬升造成了海平面的反复升降变化,导致了深水和浅水沉积相的垂向叠置,为油气成藏创造了良好的沉积建造组合条件。上二叠统—侏罗系地层序列还有待于进一步完善,应该加大地层古生物学的投入力度。  相似文献