Environmental impact of ancient small-scale mercury ore processing at Pšenk on soil (Idrija area, Slovenia)     

Tamara Terši?Mateja Gosar  Harald Biester 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(11):1867-1876

The Idrija mine was the second largest Hg mine in the world surpassed only by the Almaden mine in Spain. It has been estimated that almost 145,000 tons of Hg was produced during operation (1490-1995) of the mine. In the first decade of Hg mining in Idrija the ore was roasted in piles; after that it was roasted for 150 years, until 1652, in earthen vessels at various sites in the woods around Idrija. Pšenk is one out of 21 localities of ancient roasting sites established on the hills surrounding Idrija and one of the largest localities of roasting vessel fragments. The unique way of roasting very rich Hg ore at this site has resulted in soil contamination and considerable amounts of waste material that potentially leach Hg into the surrounding environment. The main aim of this study was to determine the distribution and the forms of Hg in contaminated soils in order to evaluate potential environmental risk. Detailed soil sampling was performed on 37,800 m² area to establish the extent of Hg pollution and to investigate Hg transformations and transport characteristics through the 400 a-long period. A total of 156 soil (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) and SOM (soil organic matter) samples were collected from 73 sampling points. Three soil profiles were sampled to determine vertical distribution of Hg. The main Hg phases were determined by the Hg-thermo-desorption technique. The measured Hg contents in soil samples in the study area vary from 5.5 to almost 9000 mg/kg with a median of 200 mg/kg. In SOM, Hg contents range from 1.4 to 4200 mg/kg with a median of 20 mg/kg. Extremely high Hg contents were found in soil profiles where the metal reaches 37,020 mg/kg. In general, Hg concentrations in all three profiles show a gradual decrease with depth with the minimum values between 140 mg/kg and 1080 mg/kg. The Hg-thermo-desorption curves indicate the presence of Hg in the form of cinnabar and that of Hg bound to organic or mineral soil matter. The distribution of Hg species in soil and SOM samples show almost equal distribution of cinnabar and non-cinnabar Hg compounds. The non-cinnabar fraction shows a little increase with depth, but cinnabar represents a high portion of total Hg (about 40%). Large amounts of potentially mobile and transformable non-cinnabar Hg compounds exist at the roasting site, which are potentially bioavailable.  相似文献   

Untersuchung von drei Grundwasserwerken auf Vorkommen von Acanthamoeben,Naeglerien und anderen freilebenden Amöben     

R. Michel  R. Hoffmann  A. Giese  K.-D. Müller 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1995,23(5):202-211

Prevalence of Acanthamoebae, Naegleriae and Other Free-living Amoebae in the Course of Water Treatment in Three Well Waterworks Numerous species of free-living amoebae and other protozoa had been observed in the raw water of three representative waterworks with enriched well water. They were eliminated most effectively during the water treatment procedure. Acanthamoebae and Naegleriae including thermophilic strains of these genera could not be identified in any of the clear water samples. Acanthamoebae and Vannellae isolated from different samples exhibited repeatedly intracellular infections with bacteria of the genus Cytophaga. Their role as possible hosts of different pathogenic and non pathogenic bacteria like Legionella sp., Listeria sp., and Pseudomonas sp. is confirmed by this observation. As known from earlier findings in connection with the Acanthamoeba-Legionella model, it can be assumed, that bacteria multiplying in trophozoites or being enclosed in cysts are protected against high concentrations of chlorine and other biocides.  相似文献   

How Much Physiology is Needed in Forest Gap Models for Simulating Long-Term Vegetation Response to Global Change?     

Harald Bugmann  James F. Reynolds  Louis F. Pitelka 《Climatic change》2001,51(3-4):249-250

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Improving the modeling of the atmospheric delay in the data analysis of the Intensive VLBI sessions and the impact on the UT1 estimates     

Tobias Nilsson  Benedikt Soja  Kyriakos Balidakis  Maria Karbon  Robert Heinkelmann  Zhiguo Deng  Harald Schuh 《Journal of Geodesy》2017,91(7):857-866

The very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) Intensive sessions are typically 1-h and single-baseline VLBI sessions, specifically designed to yield low-latency estimates of UT1-UTC. In this work, we investigate what accuracy is obtained from these sessions and how it can be improved. In particular, we study the modeling of the troposphere in the data analysis. The impact of including external information on the zenith wet delays (ZWD) and tropospheric gradients from GPS or numerical weather prediction models is studied. Additionally, we test estimating tropospheric gradients in the data analysis, which is normally not done. To evaluate the results, we compared the UT1-UTC values from the Intensives to those from simultaneous 24-h VLBI session. Furthermore, we calculated length of day (LOD) estimates using the UT1-UTC values from consecutive Intensives and compared these to the LOD estimated by GPS. We find that there is not much benefit in using external ZWD; however, including external information on the gradients improves the agreement with the reference data. If gradients are estimated in the data analysis, and appropriate constraints are applied, the WRMS difference w.r.t. UT1-UTC from 24-h sessions is reduced by 5% and the WRMS difference w.r.t. the LOD from GPS by up to 12%. The best agreement between Intensives and the reference time series is obtained when using both external gradients from GPS and additionally estimating gradients in the data analysis.  相似文献   

Improving BeiDou precise orbit determination using observations of onboard MEO satellite receivers   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Haibo Ge  Bofeng Li  Maorong Ge  Yunzhong Shen  Harald Schuh 《Journal of Geodesy》2017,91(12):1447-1460

In recent years, the precise orbit determination (POD) of the regional Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) has been a hot spot because of its special constellation consisting of five geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites and five inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit (IGSO) satellites besides four medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites since the end of 2012. GEO and IGSO satellites play an important role in regional BDS applications. However, this brings a great challenge to the POD, especially for the GEO satellites due to their geostationary orbiting. Though a number of studies have been carried out to improve the POD performance of GEO satellites, the result is still much worse than that of IGSO and MEO, particularly in the along-track direction. The major reason is that the geostationary characteristic of a GEO satellite results in a bad geometry with respect to the ground tracking network. In order to improve the tracking geometry of the GEO satellites, a possible strategy is to mount global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers on MEO satellites to collect the signals from GEO/IGSO GNSS satellites so as that these observations can be used to improve GEO/IGSO POD. We extended our POD software package to simulate all the related observations and to assimilate the MEO-onboard GNSS observations in orbit determination. Based on GPS and BDS constellations, simulated studies are undertaken for various tracking scenarios. The impact of the onboard GNSS observations is investigated carefully and presented in detail. The results show that MEO-onboard observations can significantly improve the orbit precision of GEO satellites from metres to decimetres, especially in the along-track direction. The POD results of IGSO satellites also benefit from the MEO-onboard data and the precision can be improved by more than 50% in 3D direction.  相似文献   

Technical paper: FluMo—a mobile fluid–chemical monitoring unit for geothermal plants     

Harald Milsch  Ronny Giese  Mathias Poser  Stefan Kranz  Elvira Feldbusch  Simona Regenspurg 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(8):3459-3463

A versatile fluid–chemical monitoring unit has been developed in the framework of the geothermal research platform Groß Schönebeck, Germany. It enables selective online and in situ measurements of various physico-chemical parameters at different surface locations of a geothermal fluid loop. Sensors are provided for pressure, temperature, volumetric flow rate, density, pH-value, redox potential, oxygen content, and electrical conductivity. In addition, the apparatus features two fluid samplers to manually collect fluid under in situ conditions and ultimately analyze the solution composition. All devices are mounted on a rack allowing easy transfer of the apparatus to other geothermal plants. The maximum operating pressure and temperature of the unit are 15 bar and 150 °C, respectively. The scientific and technical purpose of the system is to monitor a compositional variability of the produced fluid and chemical processes potentially occurring within the plant. These may result from reactions between the fluid and the surrounding materials, e.g., corrosion. Also, mineral precipitation as a consequence of temperature and/or pressure decrease or oxygen contamination may occur. This information is of paramount importance as so induced reactions might lead to failure of plant components or may damage the geothermal reservoir upon fluid reinjection and thus decrease injectivity.  相似文献   

The SAURON project – I. The panoramic integral-field spectrograph     

R. Bacon  Y. Copin  G. Monnet  Bryan W. Miller  J.R. Allington-Smith  M. Bureau  C. Marcella Carollo  Roger L. Davies  Eric Emsellem  Harald Kuntschner  Reynier F. Peletier  E.K. Verolme  P. Tim de Zeeuw 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,326(1):23-35

A new integral-field spectrograph, SAURON, is described. It is based on the TIGER principle, and uses a lenslet array. SAURON has a large field of view and high throughput, and allows simultaneous sky subtraction. Its design is optimized for studies of the stellar kinematics, gas kinematics, and line-strength distributions of nearby early-type galaxies. The instrument design and specifications are described, as well as the extensive analysis software which was developed to obtain fully calibrated spectra, and the associated kinematic and line-strength measurements. A companion paper will report on the first results obtained with SAURON on the William Herschel Telescope.  相似文献   

The SAURON project – III. Integral-field absorption-line kinematics of 48 elliptical and lenticular galaxies   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Eric Emsellem  Michele Cappellari  Reynier F. Peletier  Richard M. McDermid  R. Bacon  M. Bureau †  Y. Copin  Roger L. Davies  Davor Krajnovi&#;  Harald Kuntschner  Bryan W. Miller  P. Tim de Zeeuw 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,352(3):721-743

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The SAURON project – V. Integral-field emission-line kinematics of 48 elliptical and lenticular galaxies     

Marc Sarzi  Jesús Falcón-Barroso  Roger L. Davies  Roland Bacon  Martin Bureau  Michele Cappellari  P. Tim de Zeeuw  Eric Emsellem  Kambiz Fathi  Davor Krajnovi&#;  Harald Kuntschner  Richard M. McDermid  Reynier F. Peletier 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,366(4):1151-1200

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Central stellar populations of early-type galaxies in low-density environments     

Maela Collobert  Marc Sarzi  Roger L. Davies  Harald Kuntschner  Matthew Colless 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,370(3):1213-1222

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