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M. J. Hardcastle D. M. Worrall 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,319(2):562-572
Using ROSAT observations, we estimate gas pressures in the X-ray-emitting medium surrounding 63 FRII radio galaxies and quasars. We compare these pressures with the internal pressures of the radio-emitting plasma estimated by assuming minimum energy or equipartition. In the majority of cases (including 12/13 sources with modelled, spatially resolved X-ray emission) radio sources appear to be underpressured with respect to the external medium, suggesting that simple minimum-energy arguments underestimate the internal energy density of the sources. We discuss possible departures from the minimum-energy condition and the consequences of our result for models of the dynamics of radio galaxies, in particular self-similar models . 相似文献
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D. Tansley M. Birkinshaw M. J. Hardcastle D. M. Worrall 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2000,317(3):623-629
We present images of infrared (IR) emission from the radio jet in 3C 66B. Data at three wavelengths (4.5, 6.75 and 14.5 μm) were obtained using the Infrared Space Observatory . The 6.75-μm image clearly shows an extension aligned with the radio structure. The jet was also detected in the 14.5-μm image, but not at 4.5 μm. The radio–infrared–optical spectrum of the jet can be interpreted as synchrotron emission from a population of electrons with a high-energy break of 4×1011 eV. We place upper limits on the IR flux from the radio counter-jet. A symmetrical, relativistically beamed twin-jet structure is consistent with our results if the jets consist of multiple components. 相似文献
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M. J. Hardcastle L. W. Looney 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,320(3):355-364
We present 85-GHz observations of the archetypal double-hotspot radio source 3C 20 made with the BIMA millimetre array. The resolution of BIMA allows us to separate the two components of the eastern hotspot. By comparing the BIMA observations with existing VLA data, we show that the spectra of the two hotspot components are very similar, despite the clear differences in their radio structure and their wide separation. We discuss the implications for models of double hotspot formation. Weak emission from the lobes of 3C 20 is detected at 85 GHz, at a level consistent with the predictions of standard spectral ageing models. 相似文献
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M. Birkinshaw D. M. Worrall M. J. Hardcastle 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,335(1):142-150
Chandra ACIS observations of PKS 0521−365 find that the X-ray emission of this BL Lac object consists of emission from an unresolved core, a diffuse halo and a 2-arcsec jet feature coincident with the inner radio/optical jet. A comparison with a new ATCA 8.6-GHz map also finds X-ray emission from the bright hotspot south-east of the nucleus. The jet spectrum, from radio to X-ray, is probably synchrotron emission from an electron population with a broken power-law energy distribution, and resembles the spectra seen from the jets of low-power (FR I) radio galaxies. The hotspot X-ray flux is consistent with the expectations of synchrotron self-Compton emission from a plasma close to equipartition, as seen in studies of high-power (FR II) radio galaxies. While the angular structure of the halo is similar to that found by an analysis of the ROSAT High Resolution Imager image, its brightness is seen to be lower with Chandra , and the halo is best interpreted as thermal emission from an atmosphere of similar luminosity to the haloes around FR I radio galaxies. The X-ray properties of PKS 0521−365 are consistent with it being a foreshortened, beamed, radio galaxy. 相似文献
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Thorne P.D. Hardcastle P.J. Flatt D. Humphery J.D. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1994,19(1):48-57
Acoustics have the promise of being able to have a significant impact on our understanding of coastal sedimentary processes, which play such an important role in the dynamics of the coastal and shallow water environment. Due to this, the application of acoustics for remotely measuring suspended sediments, over ranges from metres to tens of metres, is gaining acceptance within the sediment community. This recognition of the use of acoustics to the area of sediment processes is based on advances which have been made decade in the understanding of the interaction of sound with marine suspended sediments, and also due to ongoing field observations which have shown the unique ability of the acoustic technique to measure suspended sediment profiles. In the present work acoustic measurements of suspended sediments have been conducted at 1, 2.5, 3, and 5 MHz in a number of different shallow water environments. The interpretation of the acoustic data to obtain suspended sediment concentration is presented, and some of the difficulties when inverting the acoustic information to obtain the suspended load are considered. Some discussion is also given to future uses of acoustics for studying sediment processes, and how one may utilize the application of underwater sound to manage our coastal environment more effectively 相似文献
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Hardcastle Alexander Pooley & Riley 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,296(2):445-462
In previous papers we have discussed high-resolution observations of a large sample of powerful radio galaxies with z < 0.3. Jets are detected in up to 80 per cent of the sample, and radio cores in nearly all the objects; in addition, we are able to resolve the hotspots in most sources. In this paper we present measurements of the radio properties of these components. The prominences of the jets detected do not appear to be a function of radio luminosity, providing the clearest evidence yet that the reported low detection rate of jets in radio galaxies has been an artefact of low-sensitivity observations. We find a positive correlation between the total source length and core prominence in the narrow-line radio galaxies. We have found evidence for a relationship between hotspot size and total source size, but few other significant relationships between hotspot properties and those of the jets or lobes. We compare our measurements with those of Bridle et al., based on observations of a sample of quasars, and argue that the results are consistent with a modification of the unified model in which the broad-line radio galaxies are the low-luminosity counterparts of quasars, although the situation is complicated by contamination with low-excitation radio galaxies which appear to have radio properties different from the high-excitation objects. We discuss the classes of empirical model that can be fitted to the data set. 相似文献
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I. Sakelliou D. M. Acreman M. J. Hardcastle M. R. Merrifield T. J. Ponman I. R. Stevens 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,360(3):1069-1076
We present XMM–Newton observations of the wake–radio galaxy system 4C 34.16, which shows a cool and dense wake trailing behind the host galaxy of 4C 34.16. A comparison with numerical simulations is enlightening, as they demonstrate that the wake is produced mainly by ram pressure stripping during the galactic motion through the surrounding cluster. The mass of the wake is a substantial fraction of the mass of the X-ray halo of an elliptical galaxy. This observational fact supports a wake formation scenario similar to that recently demonstrated numerically by Acreman et al.: the host galaxy of 4C 34.16 has fallen into its cluster, and is currently crossing its central regions. A substantial fraction of its X-ray halo has been stripped by ram pressure, and remains behind to form the galaxy wake. 相似文献