A new engineering-geological rock durability classification     

Henning J. Olivier 《Engineering Geology》1979,14(4):255-279

The construction of the 5.3-m diameter, 82-km long Orange—Fish Tunnel in the Republic of South Africa, in sensibly horizontal beds of mudrocks, siltstones and sandstones of the Karoo Supergroup (Upper Carboniferous to Triassic age), revealed the paramount importance of rock durability. The presence of non-durable rock types was found to be one of the causes of the rock distress problems encountered in some tunnel sections during construction.

Geomechanical tests conducted on representative samples of potentially difficult rock types from the Orange—Fish Tunnel, indicated important limitations of international rock material classifications, such as the Deere—Miller Modulus—Strength and the Deere—Gamble Durability—Plasticity systems. The inadequacy of these classifications in the case of the Karoo sedimentary rocks, underlined the need for a new rock durability classification which could be used for the timely indication of the presence of non-durable rock material sections at tunnel level.

An account is given of the lithology, mineralogy and the postulated weathering mechanics of the Karoo rocks encountered, as well as the application of these parameters to the numerical methods used for the quantitative assessment of rock durability. It is considered that a reliable appraisal of this time-dependent parameter can be provided by the measurement of the strength and free swelling properties of the intact rock material.

A new rock durability classification, styled the Geodurability Classification, is discussed. This empirical system appears to be practical and simple as it depends on the minimum number of index rock properties, which can be measured fairly rapidly in a field laboratory by means of simple test apparatus and semi-skilled labour. It is based on different ranges of ratios of the uniaxial compressive strength, σ_c, and the “Duncan” free swelling coefficient, ε_D, as index parameters. The intact rock material is classified according to a rating system which varies from “excellent” (Class A) to “very poor” (Class F).

The extensive use of the Geodurability Classification indicated such a system to be particularly relevant to compacted and weakly cemented rocks, where the tendency of the rock material to deteriorate with time (and not the presence of rock discontinuities such as joints and bedding planes) dominates the time-dependent behaviour of tunnel rock masses.  相似文献   

THE NEED FOR PROFESSIONALISM AND ITS ATTRIBUTES IN HYDROGEOLOGY     

Roger J. Henning 《Ground water》1978,16(6):451-452

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Klimatologische Wasserbilanz von Nordamerika     

Dr. Ingrid Henning  Dr. D. Henning 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1977,25(1):51-66

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Localized/Shrinkage Kriging Predictors     

Zeytu Gashaw Asfaw  Henning Omre 《Mathematical Geosciences》2016,48(5):595-618

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On the origin of microrhythmic layering in arfvedsonite lujavrite from the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland     

John C. Bailey  Henning Srensen  Tom Andersen  Lia N. Kogarko  John Rose-Hansen 《Lithos》2006,91(1-4):301-318

Microrhythmic layering is locally developed in agpaitic arfvedsonite lujavrite from the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland. Three–15-cm-thick laminated dark layers alternate with 1–10-cm-thick, light-coloured granular urtitic layers. Dark layers are uniform (isomodal) but the urtitic layers are enriched in early nepheline and eudialyte in their lower parts and in late analcime and REE phosphate minerals in the upper parts. The layers are separated by sharp contacts; they are draped around rafts from the overlying roof zone and lack structures indicative of current processes or post-cumulus deformation. Compared with the background arfvedsonite lujavrite of the complex, the dark layers are richer in sodalite, microcline and arfvedsonite and poorer in analcime and eudialyte. They have higher K₂O, Cl, FeO and S but lower Na₂O, H₂O⁺, Zr and P contents, the opposite of the light-coloured layers. The complementary chemistry of the two types of layers oscillates about the composition of the background arfvedsonite lujavrite. Layers probably formed in a stagnant bottom layer of the lujavrite magma chamber. Each layer started as a liquid layer which exchanged components with the underlying crystallization front. On cooling, it crystallized primocrysts and exchanged components with the overlying magma which became a new, complementary liquid layer and, during further cooling and burial within the sequence of layers, it underwent largely closed-system interstitial crystallization. Exhaustion of Cl and a sharp decrease in a_NaCl relative to a_H2O terminated the crystallization of a sodalite-rich dark layer and initiated abundant crystallization of nepheline in the overlying liquid layer (urtitic layer). The layered sequence represents a local K₂O-, Cl-rich but Na₂O-, H₂O-poor facies of arfvedsonite lujavrite and may have formed by exchanging components with sodalite-bearing rafts from the roof zone.  相似文献   

Oberrheinisches Grundgebirge und Rheingraben     

Prof. Dr. Henning Illies 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1962,52(1):317-332

Zusammenfassung Anstelle des Rheingrabens befand sich während der variszischen Faltung eine von Blattverschiebungen durchsetzte Scherzone. Sie diente granitischen und gabbroiden Intrusiva sowie den Vulkaniten des Rotliegenden als bevorzugte Aufstiegsbahn. Vorzerklüftet und isostatisch unkompensiert behielt der Krustenspan bis zum Mitteldogger seinen kratonischen Zustand, gehalten von der Klammer variszischer Konsolidation. Vom Mitteleozän an hatten neuerliche Blattverschübe das basale Kluftgitter für die vertikale Grabentektonik vollends gangbar gemacht. Keilförmig trieb sich der Lineamentkörper in die Kruste vor, junge Füllmassen einsaugend und die Grabenschultern isostatisch aufstemmend. Die randlichen Widerlager wurden auseinandergetrieben, wodurch Raum für die sich steigernde Taphrogenese und den im Aquitan folgenden antithetischen Zerfall der Grabenscholle geschaffen wurde. Der dem aufwallenden basaltischen Substrat entspringende Grabenvulkanismus bildete den Höhepunkt krustaler Zerspaltung.

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The Rhine-Graben is preceded by Hercynian transcurrent faulting favouring intrusion and extrusion of granitic and gabbroide plutonites and lower Permian extrusives. Though fractured and isostatically out of balance, the Rhine-block remained cratonic until Middle-Dogger times on account of its "Hercynian" nature. From middle-Eocene times on, renewed transcurrent movements facilitated dip-slip movements along the graben-edge-faults. The Rhine block, sucked down the young fill and isostatically buckled the graben edges. Marginal buttresses were driven apart; they gave room for increasing thaphrogenesis and for anti-thetic collapse during Aquitanian times. Basaltic graben volcanism underlined the peak of tectonic activity.

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Résumé Lors du plissement varisque, il y eut à l'endroit du fossé rhénan, une zone d'écailles; celle-ci favorisa la montée de roches intrusives granitiques et gabbroïques ainsi que de volcanites du Rotliegend. Préalablement fracturée et dans un état isostatique non compensé, cette zone d'écaillés conserva son état cratonique jusqu'au Dogger moyen, enserrée entre des masses de consolidation varisque. A partir de l'Eocène moyen, de nouveaux déplacements des écailles préparèrent le réseau de fissures pour une tectonique verticale en fossé. Un segment linéamentaire s'enfonça en coin dans l'écorce, déterminant l'aspiration de nouvelles masses de remplissage et la montée isostatique des compartiments flanquant latéralement le fossé. Les contreforts ont été écartés les uns des autres, ce qui a fourni l'espace pour la taphrogenèse et pour la fragmentation antithétique du massif affaisé qui s'est produite à l'Aquitanien.La fissuration crustale a atteint son point culminant avec le volcanisme à caractère basique qui a fait éruption dans le fossé.

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Phase relationship and surface water mass change in the Northeast Atlantic during Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11)     

Evgeniya S. Kandiano  Henning A. Bauch 《Quaternary Research》2007,68(3):445-455

Planktic foraminiferal census data, faunal sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and oxygen isotopic and lithic records from a site in the northeast Atlantic were analyzed to study the interglacial dynamics of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, a period thought to closely resemble the Holocene on the basis of orbital forcing. Interglacial conditions during MIS 11 persisted for approximately 26 ka. After the main deglacial meltwater processes ceased, a 10- to 12-ka-long transitional period marked by significant water mass circulation changes occurred before surface waters finally reached their thermal maximum. This SST peak occurred between 400 and 397 ka, inferred from the abundance of the most thermophilic foraminiferal species and was coincident with lowest sea level according to benthic isotope values. The ensuing stepwise SST decrease characterizes the overall climate deterioration preceding the increase in global ice volume by  3 ka. This cooling trend was followed by a more pronounced cold event that began at 388 ka, and that terminated in the recurrence of icebergs at the site around 382 ka. Because the water mass configuration of early MIS 11 evolved quite differently from that of the early Holocene, there is little evidence that MIS 11 can serve as an appropriate analogue for a future Holocene climate, despite the similarity in some orbital parameters.  相似文献   

Last interglacial (MIS 5e) surface water conditions at the Vøring Plateau (Norwegian Sea), based on dinoflagellate cysts     

Nicolas Van Nieuwenhove  & Henning A. Bauch 《Polar research》2008,27(2):175-186

Sediments from the last interglacial, marine isotope stage 5e (MIS 5e), have been studied for their dinoflagellate cyst content in a core retrieved from the Vøring Plateau, Norwegian Sea. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data, and comparison with the surface sample and published Holocene data from the core, reveal distinct differences in hydrological surface conditions between the late Holocene and MIS 5e. A higher number of co-dominant, subordinate species in the last interglacial samples suggests there was a more pronounced seasonality of the surface water at this time. This is supported by the significant presence of Bitectatodinium tepikiense , a species that was virtually absent from the area for most of the Holocene. The seasonality signal is further substantiated by transfer-function reconstructions, which also indicates a stronger stratification of the upper water column during MIS 5e. Moreover, the assemblage data clearly show that optimal, fully marine interglacial conditions prevailed only late in MIS 5e (between ca. 117.5 and 116.5 Kya), which is in contrast with the climatic optimum early in the Holocene. Stable oxygen isotope values from planktic foraminifera for this MIS 5e optimum are comparable with the average Holocene values, but are generally ca. 0.3‰ higher than those of the earlier part of the last interglacial ( sensu stricto ). These higher δ¹⁸O values are likely to be the result of the enhanced and prolonged influence of Saalian deglacial meltwater, thus corroborating the existence of a quite differently structured sea surface, as suggested by the dinocyst data.  相似文献   

Resolving frontal structures: on the payoff using a less diffusive but computationally more expensive advection scheme     

Knut Barthel  Ute Daewel  Dhanya Pushpadas  Corinna Schrum  Marius ?rthun  Henning Wehde 《Ocean Dynamics》2012,62(10-12):1457-1470

This article presents some advantages using a shape-preserving total variation diminishing (TVD) advection scheme in an ecosystem model. The superbee flux-limiter has been used to the second-order Lax–Wendroff advection scheme to make it TVD. We performed simulations for three shelf sea regions with different characteristic time scales, namely, the North Sea, the Barents Sea, and the Baltic Sea. To explore the advantages, we also performed reference runs with the much simpler and computationally cheaper upwind advection scheme. Frontal structures are much better resolved with the TVD scheme. The bottom salinity in the Baltic Sea stays at realistic values throughout the 10-year simulation with the TVD scheme, while with the upwind scheme, it drifts towards lower values and the permanent haline stratification in the Baltic is almost completely eroded within one seasonal cycle. Only when applying TVD for both the vertical and horizontal advections the model succeeded to preserve haline stratification in the decadal simulation. Lower trophic level patterns are far better reproduced with the TVD scheme, and for the estimated cod larval survival, the advantages seem to be even stronger. Simulations using the TVD-derived prey fields identified distinct regions such as Dogger Bank to favor potential larvae survival (PLS), which did not appear as particularly favorable in the upstream simulations. The TVD scheme needs about 25?% more time on the central processing unit (CPU) in case of a pure hydrodynamic setup with only two scalar state variables (Barents Sea application). The additional CPU time cost increases for a coupled physical–biological model application with a large number of state variables. However, this is more than compensated by all the advantages found, and, hence, we conclude that it is worthwhile to use the TVD scheme in our ecosystem model.  相似文献   

PHT3D‐UZF: A Reactive Transport Model for Variably‐Saturated Porous Media          下载免费PDF全文

Ming Zhi Wu  Vincent E.A. Post  S. Ursula Salmon  Eric D. Morway  Henning Prommer 《Ground water》2016,54(1):23-34

A modified version of the MODFLOW/MT3DMS‐based reactive transport model PHT3D was developed to extend current reactive transport capabilities to the variably‐saturated component of the subsurface system and incorporate diffusive reactive transport of gaseous species. Referred to as PHT3D‐UZF, this code incorporates flux terms calculated by MODFLOW's unsaturated‐zone flow (UZF1) package. A volume‐averaged approach similar to the method used in UZF‐MT3DMS was adopted. The PHREEQC‐based computation of chemical processes within PHT3D‐UZF in combination with the analytical solution method of UZF1 allows for comprehensive reactive transport investigations (i.e., biogeochemical transformations) that jointly involve saturated and unsaturated zone processes. Intended for regional‐scale applications, UZF1 simulates downward‐only flux within the unsaturated zone. The model was tested by comparing simulation results with those of existing numerical models. The comparison was performed for several benchmark problems that cover a range of important hydrological and reactive transport processes. A 2D simulation scenario was defined to illustrate the geochemical evolution following dewatering in a sandy acid sulfate soil environment. Other potential applications include the simulation of biogeochemical processes in variably‐saturated systems that track the transport and fate of agricultural pollutants, nutrients, natural and xenobiotic organic compounds and micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, as well as the evolution of isotope patterns.  相似文献