How societal expectations,new digital tools,and the COVID crisis are driving a step-change in human centric remediation     

John Horst  Carly Foster  Steven Perry  Ajani Stewart  Megan Klar  Beto Altamirano  Prasoon Sinha 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2021,41(3):13-21

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Attenuation of Scalar Fluxes Measured with Spatially-displaced Sensors   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

T. W. Horst  D. H. Lenschow 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,130(2):275-300

Observations from the Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (HATS) field program are used to examine the attenuation of measured scalar fluxes caused by spatial separation between the vertical velocity and scalar sensors. The HATS data show that flux attenuation for streamwise, crosswind, and vertical sensor displacements are each a function of a dimensionless, stability-dependent parameter n _m multiplied by the ratio of sensor displacement to measurement height. The scalar flux decays more rapidly with crosswind displacements than for streamwise displacements and decays more rapidly for stable stratification than for unstable stratification. The cospectral flux attenuation model of Kristensen et al. agrees well with the HATS data for streamwise sensor displacements, although it is necessary to include a neglected quadrature spectrum term to explain the observation that flux attenuation is often less with the scalar sensor downwind of the anemometer than for the opposite configuration. A simpler exponential decay model provides good estimates for crosswind sensor displacements, as well as for streamwise sensor displacements with stable stratification. A model similar to that of Lee and Black correctly predicts flux attenuation for a combination of streamwise and crosswind displacements, i.e. as a function of wind direction relative to the sensor displacement. The HATS data for vertical sensor displacements extend the near-neutral results of Kristensen et al. to diabatic stratification and confirm their finding that flux attenuation is less with the scalar sensor located below the anemometer than if the scalar sensor is displaced an equal distance either horizontally or above the anemometer.  相似文献   

Attacks on oil transport pipelines in Nigeria: A quantitative exploration and possible explanation of observed patterns     

Babatunde Anifowose  Damian M. Lawler Dan van der Horst  Lee Chapman 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):636-651

In countries with insufficient investments in infrastructure and weak environmental governance, oil leakage from pipelines often occurs as a result of poor management and maintenance. Nigeria has its share of such incidents, but also, it suffers a large number of deliberate attacks (‘interdictions’) on oil pipelines. Often these attacks are accompanied by oil theft, carried out by well-equipped professionals and/or at a smaller scale by opportunistic local residents. The causes of these attacks, and the extent of subsequent damage to local communities and the environment, are obscured by a complex web of stakeholders, claims and actions. Any efforts to mitigate the negative impacts of interdiction on the environment and people require a better understanding of its spatiotemporal pattern of occurrence. This article presents a first quantitative and regional exploration of the problem of oil pipeline interdiction in Nigeria. It illustrates geographic patterns through choroplethic and bivariate GIS (Geographical Information Systems) map overlays. We examine interdiction statistics, identify spatiotemporal patterns and discuss correlations with socioeconomic factors. Findings include: (a) strong negative correlation between pipeline interdiction and poverty; and (b) statistically and non-statistically significant mean differences in the pattern of interdiction occurrence amongst the five geographic regions. Finally, we highlight the need for much better data collection and reporting for the mitigation of the negative socio-environmental impacts of interdiction incidences.  相似文献   

Quantitative Recovery of Elemental Sulfur and Improved Selectivity in a Chromium-Reducible Sulfur Distillation     

Jens Gröger  Jennifer Franke  Kay Hamer  Horst D. Schulz 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2009,33(1):17-27

Chromium-reducible sulfur (CRS) distillations are intended to recover only reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RIS) including elemental sulfur. However, the quantitative recovery of elemental sulfur is not ensured in common CRS-distillations. The new method presented here was designed to remedy this deficiency. An increase in ethanol concentration assured the quantitative recovery of elemental sulfur in various forms and, in addition, all other RIS-compounds were quantitatively recovered. Furthermore, the selectivity of the procedure was improved by an additional filtration step to eliminate zinc particles from the Cr(II)-solution. Thus, the recovery of sulfates and organic sulfur compounds was significantly decreased by a factor of up to 35, depending on the compound analysed. Exhaustive testing with a variety of pure phases, rock and soil samples demonstrated the precision and accuracy of the new method. The new protocol eliminated the constraints of previous procedures. The improved distillation efficiency for elemental sulfur ensured the quantitative recovery of all RIS-compounds in a single-step distillation.  相似文献   

Fluid-induced breakdown of white mica controls nitrogen transfer during fluid–rock interaction in subduction zones     

Ralf Halama  Gray E. Bebout  Horst R. Marschall  Timm John 《International Geology Review》2017,59(5-6):702-720

ABSTRACT

In order to determine the effects of fluid–rock interaction on nitrogen elemental and isotopic systematics in high-pressure metamorphic rocks, we investigated three different profiles representing three distinct scenarios of metasomatic overprinting. A profile from the Chinese Tianshan (ultra)high-pressure–low-temperature metamorphic belt represents a prograde, fluid-induced blueschist–eclogite transformation. This profile shows a systematic decrease in N concentrations from the host blueschist (~26 μg/g) via a blueschist–eclogite transition zone (19–23 μg/g) and an eclogitic selvage (12–16 μg/g) towards the former fluid pathway. Eclogites and blueschists show only a small variation in δ¹⁵N_air (+2.1 ± 0.3‰), but the systematic trend with distance is consistent with a batch devolatilization process. A second profile from the Tianshan represents a retrograde eclogite–blueschist transition. It shows increasing, but more scattered, N concentrations from the eclogite towards the blueschist and an unsystematic variation in δ¹⁵N values (δ¹⁵N = + 1.0 to +5.4‰). A third profile from the high-P/T metamorphic basement complex of the Southern Armorican Massif (Vendée, France) comprises a sequence from an eclogite lens via retrogressed eclogite and amphibolite into metasedimentary country rock gneisses. Metasedimentary gneisses have high N contents (14–52 μg/g) and positive δ¹⁵N values (+2.9 to +5.8‰), and N concentrations become lower away from the contact with 11–24 μg/g for the amphibolites, 10–14 μg/g for the retrogressed eclogite, and 2.1–3.6 μg/g for the pristine eclogite, which also has the lightest N isotopic compositions (δ¹⁵N = + 2.1 to +3.6‰).

Overall, geochemical correlations demonstrate that phengitic white mica is the major host of N in metamorphosed mafic rocks. During fluid-induced metamorphic overprint, both abundances and isotopic composition of N are controlled by the stability and presence of white mica. Phengite breakdown in high-P/T metamorphic rocks can liberate significant amounts of N into the fluid. Due to the sensitivity of the N isotope system to a sedimentary signature, it can be used to trace the extent of N transport during metasomatic processes. The Vendée profile demonstrates that this process occurs over several tens of metres and affects both N concentrations and N isotopic compositions.  相似文献   

GHOST – A Novel Airborne Gas Chromatograph for In Situ Measurements of Long-Lived Tracers in the Lower Stratosphere: Method and Applications     

Oliver Bujok  Viceith Tan  Erich Klein  Ralf Nopper  Reimar Bauer  Andreas Engel  Marie-Theres Gerhards  Armin Afchine  Daniel S. McKenna  Ulrich Schmidt  Frank G. Wienhold  Horst Fischer 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2001,39(1):37-64

A novel fully-automated airborne gas chromatograph for in situmeasurements of long-lived stratospheric tracers hasbeen developed, combining the high selectivity of a megabore PLOTcapillary column with recently developed sampling and separationtechniques. The Gas cHromatograph for theObservation of Stratospheric Tracers (GHOST)has been successfully operated during three STREAM campaigns(Stratosphere TRoposphere Experiment byAirborne Measurement) onboard a Cessna Citation IIaircraft in two different modes: Either N₂O andCF₂Cl₂(CFC-12) or CFC-12 and CFCl₃ (CFC-11) have been measuredsimultaneously, with a time resolution of 2 min for both modes.Under flight conditions the instrument precision (1) forthese species is better than 0.9%, and the accuracy(1) is better than 2.0% of the tropospheric values ofall measured compounds. The detection limits (3) arebelow 28 ppb for N₂O, 14 ppt for CFC-12, and 8 ppt forCFC-11, respectively, i.e., well below 10 % of the troposphericvalues of all measured compounds. Post-mission optimization of thechromatographic separation showed a possible enhancement of thetime resolution by up to a factor of 2, associated with acomparable increase in precision and detection limit. As test ofactual performance of GHOST results from an in-flight N₂Ointercomparison with a tunable diode laser absorptionspectrometer (TDLAS) are presented. They yield an excellentagreement between both instruments. Furthermore, on the basis ofthe hitherto most extensive set of upper tropospheric and lowerstratospheric data, the relative stratospheric N₂2O lifetime isre-assessed. When referenced to the WMO reference CFC-11 lifetimeof 45 ± 7 years an N₂O lifetime of 91 ± 15 yearsis derived, a value substantially smaller than the WMO referencelifetime of 120 years. Moreover, this value implies astratospheric N₂O sink strength of 16.3 ± 2.7 Tg (N)yr^–1 which is 30% larger than previous estimates.  相似文献   

Zur Entstehung und Entwicklung von Kontinentalen Riftsystemen     

Professor Dr. Horst J. Neugebauer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1981,70(1):231-243

Zusammenfassung Kontinentale Riftsysteme und ihre möglichen Entwicklungsstadien stehen in direktem Zusammenhang mit der Teilung von Kontinenten und ihren damit verbundenen Bewegungen.Am Beispiel des Rheinischen Riftsystems und seinen Randbereichen wird über stratigraphische Daten sowie K-Ar Altersdaten vulkanischer Aktivitäten demonstriert, daß die Bildungs- und Frühphase dieses Systems die Existenz eines komplexen synchronen Zugspannungssystems notwendig machte. Als wahrscheinlichste Ursache hierfür werden Hebungen der Lithosphäre vorgeschlagen. Diese Vorstellung wird durch die Quantifizierung von Hebungsvorgängen anhand numerischer Modelle belegt.Im Stadium der Ozeanbildung weist die kontinentale Kruste starke Absenkungen entlang der passiven Kontinentalränder auf. Die Betrachtung struktureller Kräfte aufgrund lateraler Dichtedifferenzen am Übergang von kontinentaler zu ozeanischer Kruste legt eine Beeinflussung der Dynamik derartiger Strukturen durch diese Kräfte nahe. Mit Hilfe numerischer Rechnungen werden die zugehörigen Spannungen, ihre räumliche Verteilung und ihr möglicher Einfluß auf das Deformationsgeschehen abgeschätzt.Der hauptsächliche Vorteil der numerischen Rechnungen liegt in der quantitativen Verknüpfung komplexer Strukturen mit komplizierten Rheologien und spezifischen Kräfteverteilungen sowie Randbedingungen.

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Continental rift systems and their possible stages of development are directly related to the split up of continents and the corresponding movements.For the Rhenish Rift System it will be demonstrated on the base of stratigraphic data and K-Ar ages of volcanic activities, that the rift forming phase required a complex synchronous system of tensional stresses. As the most likely cause of such a stress system lithospheric uplift is proposed. This idea is supported by means of quantitative numerical models.During the formation of the ocean the continental crust exhibits significant subsidence along passive continental margins. The existence of differential loads on the continents and their compensation by buoyancy forces implies an influence of these structural loads on the dynamics of the transition zone. The corresponding structural stersses, their special distribution and their possible affects on the deformation rates are quantified on the base of numerical calculations.The main advantage of the numerical calculations is evidently the quantitative relation of complex structures with complicated rheologies and specific force systems of boundary conditions.

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Résumé Les systèmes de rift continentaux et les étapes possibles de leur développement sont en rapport direct avec séparation des continents et avec les mouvements qui en résultent. On démontres, sur la base de données stratigraphiques et d'âges K-Ar des activités volcaniques du graben rhénan, que les premières phases de formation de ce système ont requis l'existence d'un système complexe et synchrone de forces d'extension. On propose comme cause la plus vraisemblable d'un tel système l'existence de soulèvements lithosphériques. Cette idée est appuyée par des modèles numériques quantitatifs. Pendant la formation de l'océan, la croûte continentale a subi le long des marges continentales passives de grands effondrements. L'existence de forces tectoniques causées par des différences de densité latérales le long le long de la transition entre croûte continentale et croûte océanique donne lieu à la supposition que la dynamique de telles structures a été influencée par ces forces. Les tensions associées, leur distribution spatiale et leur possible influence sur le processus de déformation ont été estimées à l'aide de calculs numériques. L'avantage principal des des calculs numériques est de permettre une relation quantitative entre structures complexes à rhéologies compliquées et répartitions de forces spécifiques comme aussi de conditions marginales.

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Geomagnetische Tiefentellurik     

Dr. Von Horst Wiese 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1964,57(1):31-46

Zusammenfassung Die lokalen Unterschiede der geomagnetischen zeitlichen Variationen [1, 2] wurden mit Hilfe von 3 Reiseregistrierstationen nachFanselau [3] untersucht. Hier werden die gegenseitige Beeinflussung der Variometernadeln, Veränderung der Skalenwerte über die Breite des Registrierpapiers und die Abhängigkeit der Grösse des Skalenwertes von der Temperatur sowie von der Grösse der Vertikalintensität untersucht. Die reduzierten Skalenwerte besitzen im Mittel eine Unsicherheit von nicht mehr als 0,6%. Eine grössere Genauigkeit kann bei Feldmessungen nicht erwartet werden. Aufstellung und Justierung der Stationen im Felde werden beschrieben.

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Summary Local differences of geomagnetic variations [1, 2] were investigated by three ambulant geomagnetic variographs afterFanselau [3]. The influence of the variometer needles on each other, the dependence of the scale-values on the position of the lightpoint and the changing of the scale-value with temperature and with the value of the vertical intensity are shown. The reduced scale-values have an uncertainty of not more than 0.6%. A higher accuracy is not to be expected for field measurements. The menagement and the adjustment of the stations in field are described.

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Mitteilung Nr. 157 des Geomagnetischen Instituts Potsdam.  相似文献   

Quantifizierung von Verwitterungsvorgängen     

Dr. Manfred Albertsen  Prof. Dr. Georg Matthess  Dr. Asaf Pekdeger  Dr. habil. Horst Dieter Schulz 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1980,69(2):532-545

Zusammenfassung Geochemische Verwitterungsvorgänge vollziehen sich im wesentlichen in der wasserungesättigten Zone und im erdoberflächennahen Grundwasser. In diesem Bereich bestimmen klimatische, biologische, biochemische und geochemische Vorgänge die Zersetzung des Ausgangsgesteins. Als Transportmittel für gelöste und flüchtige Umsetzungsprodukte wirken Sickerwasser, Grundwasser und Grundluft.Zur Quantifizierung des Stofftransportes wurden im Felde die vertikale Feuchtigkeitsverteilung mit einer Neutronensonde ermittelt und mit Hilfe eines Rechenmodells die Sickerraten bestimmt. Zur Erfassung der geochemischen Vorgänge wurden mit unterschiedlich langen Lysimetern der Stoffaustrag aus den einzelnen Bodenhorizonten und mit Hilfe hydrologischer und hydrochemischer Messungen der Stoffaustrag aus dem Grundwassersystem pauschal ermittelt. Mit einer geeigneten Stahlsonde wurden CO₂-Konzentrationsverteilungen in der Grundluft gemessen und mit Hilfe eines Rechenmodells bodenhorizontspezifische CO₂-Produktionsraten errechnet.Geochemische Verwitterungsvorgänge, wie Abbau der organischen Stoffe, Kalklösung, Hydrolyse der Silikate und Adsorptionsvorgänge an Festsubstanzen werden für unterschiedliche Bodenhorizonte eines Podsols unter verschiedener Vegetation dargestellt. Anhand des quantifizierten CO₂-Haushaltes werden die engen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Grundluft- und Sickerwasserzusammensetzung aufgezeigt.

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Geochemical weathering reactions take place in the unsaturated zone and shallow groundwater. In this region climatic, biological, biochemical and geochemical processes control the degradation of the primary rocks. The dissolved and volatile substances are transported with seepage water, groundwater and ground air.For quantification of the substance transport the vertical moisture distribution was measured with a neutron-probe and the soil horizon specific seepage rates were calculated with help of a mathematical model. To investigate the geochemical processes and the transport rates of dissolved substances lysimeters of different lengths were installed. Furthermore the bulk output of dissolved substances was determined with spring flow measurements and spring water analyses. A suitable steel probe was used for measuring the vertical CO₂-concentration distribution in the ground air and the horizon specific CO₂-production rates were determined with help of a mathematical model.Geochemical weathering processes, such as decomposition of organic substances, carbonate dissolution, hydrolysis of silicates and adsorption on solid substances are described for the different horizons of a podsol soil under various vegetations. The quantified CO₂-balance was used to show the interaction between ground air and seepage water composition.

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Résumé Des processus géochimiques d'altération se produisent en grande partie dans la zone d'eau non saturée et dans les eaux souterraines proches de la surface du sol. Dans ce domaine, ce sont les processus climatiques, biologiques, biochimiques et géochimiques qui déterminent la décomposition des roches originelles. Les moyens de transport des produits de décomposition dissous et volatils sont les eaux et l'air souterrains.Pour la quantification du transport de substances, on a déterminé dans le terrain, avec la sonde à neutrons la répartition verticale de l'humidité et on a calculé, à l'aide d'un modèle mathématique, les taux de percolation. Pour cerner les processus géochimiques, on a établi globalement, avec des lysimètres de longueurs différentes, les transports de substances à partir des différents horizons du sol et, à l'aide de mesures hydrologiques et hydrochimiques, le transport de substances à partir du système des eaux souterraines. Avec une sonde de métal appropriée, on a mesuré les répartitions de concentration en CO₂ dans l'air souterrain et on a calculé, à l'aide d'un modèle mathématique les taux de production en CO₂ spécifiques à chaque horizon du sol.On a représenté, pour différents horizons du sol d'un podsol à végétation différente, des processus géochimiques d'alteration tels que la désagrégation des substances organiques, la dissolution du calcaire, l'hydrolyse des silicates et les processus d'adsorption par des substances solides. La teneur en CO₂ quantifiée à servi à montrer les interactions étroites entre la composition de l'air souterrain et de l'eau de percolation.

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Die Liegendschichten der devonischen Pyrit- u. Schwerspat-Lager von Eisen (Saarland), Meggen und des Rammelsberges     

Dr. Werner Gwosdz  Dr. Horst Krüger  Dietmar Paul Dipl.-Geol.  Dr. Albrecht Baumann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1974,63(1):74-93

Detailed petrographic and geochemical investigations on the rocks underlying the Devonian stratiforme pyrite and barite deposits of Eisen (Saar district), Meggen (Westphalia), and Rammeisberg (Harz Mountains) in the Rhenish Schiefergebirge have led to the following conclusions:

1. These deposits are tied to dark shales of the pelagic basin facies. In all cases a local depression of the sea floor coincides largely with the spatial extension of the overlying pyrite and barite bodies. These depressions are marked by a large number of sand and silt intercalations, accumulations of reef debris and a significant lower carbonate content.
2. The dark shales underneath the deposits have conspicuously high, but strongly varying contents of Mn, Zn and Pb. This, corresponding with the low carbonate content, is characteristic for the presence of hydrothermal, metalliferous emissions.
3. Predepositional phases of sulfide and barite emplacement are indicated by small layers and lenses.

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