Melanistic southern right‐whale dolphins (Lissodelphis peronii) off Kaikoura,New Zealand,with records of other anomalously all‐black cetaceans     

Ingrid N. Visser  Dagmar Fertl  L. Todd Pusser 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(5):833-836

Reports of anomalously pigmented cetaceans, including melanistic (all‐black) individuals are infrequent. We observed four melanistic southern right‐whale dolphins (Lissodelphis peronii) including a calf, off Kaikoura (42°34'S, 173°50'E), New Zealand. We also compiled records of melanistic individuals from five other species of cetaceans. The ecological context of melanistic pigmentation of cetaceans is not well understood; however, it may increase heat absorption, affect ability to capture prey, impair visual/social communication, and/or increase conspicuousness to predators.  相似文献   

A synthesis of Cenozoic sedimentation in the North Sea     

Ingrid Anell  Hans Thybo  Erik Rasmussen 《Basin Research》2012,24(2):154-179

The North Sea Basin contains an almost complete record of Cenozoic sedimentation, separated by clear regional unconformities. The changes in sediment characteristics, rate and source, and expression of the unconformities reflect the tectonic, eustatic and climatic changes that the North Sea and its margins have undergone. While the North Sea has been mapped locally, we present the first regional mapping of the Cenozoic sedimentary strata. Our study provides a new regional sub‐division of the main seismic units in the North Sea together with maps of depocentres, influx direction and source areas. Our study provides a regional synthesis of sedimentation based on a comprehensive interpretation of a regionally covering reflection seismic data set. We relate observations of sediment characteristics and unconformities to the geological evolution. The timing, regional expression and stratigraphic characteristics of many unconformities indicate that they were generated by eustatic sea‐level fall, often in conjunction with other processes. Early Cenozoic unconformities, however, relate to tectonism associated with the opening of the North Atlantic. From observation on a regional scale, we infer that the sediment influx into the North Sea during the Cenozoic is more complex than previously suggested clockwise rotation from early northwestern to late southern sources. The Shetland Platform supplied sediment continuously, although at varying rates, until the latest Cenozoic. Sedimentation around Norway changed from early Cenozoic influx from the southwestern margin, to almost exclusively from the southern margin in the Oligocene and from all of southern Norway in the latest Cenozoic. Thick Eocene deposits in the Central Graben are sourced mainly from a western and a likely southern source, indicating that prominent influx from the south did not only occur from the mid‐Miocene onwards. We infer a new age for the increased progradational sediment influx in the Pleistocene of 2.5 Ma, coeval with Fennoscandian glaciation.  相似文献   

A hot spring in granite of the Western Tianshan,China     

Kurt Bucher  Lifei Zhang  Ingrid Stober 《Applied Geochemistry》2009

The western Tianshan range is a major Cenozoic orogenic belt in central Asia exposing predominantly Paleozoic rocks including granite. Ongoing deformation is reflected by very rugged topography with peaks over 7000 m high. Active tectonic deformation is tied to an E–W trending fracture and fault system that sections the mountain chain into geologically diverse blocks that extend parallel to the orogen. In the Muzhaerte valley upwelling hot water follows such a fault system in the Muza granite. About 20 L min⁻¹ Na–SO₄–Cl water with a temperature of 55 °C having a total mineralization of about 1 g L⁻¹ discharge from the hot spring. The water is used in a local spa that is frequented by the people of the upper Ili river area. Its waters are used for balneological purposes and the spa serves as a therapeutic institution. The major element composition of the hot water is dominated by Na and by SO₄ and Cl, Ca is a minor component. Dissolved silica (1.04 mmol L⁻¹) corresponds to a quartz-saturation temperature of 116 °C and a corresponding depth of the source of the water of about 4600 m. This temperature is consistent with Na/K and Na/Li geothermometry. The water is saturated with respect to fluorite and contains 7.5 mg L⁻¹ F⁻ as a consequence of the low Ca-concentration. The water is undersaturated with respect to the primary minerals of the reservoir granite at reservoir temperature causing continued irreversible dissolution of granite. The waters are oversaturated with respect to Ca–zeolite minerals (such as stilbite and mesolite), and it is expected that zeolites precipitate in the fracture pore space and in alteration zones replacing primary granite.  相似文献   

Oxygen, hydrogen, and helium isotopes for investigating groundwater systems of the Cape Verde Islands, West Africa   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Victor M. Heilweil  D. Kip Solomon  Stephen B. Gingerich  Ingrid M. Verstraeten 《Hydrogeology Journal》2009,17(5):1157-1174

Stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δ²H), tritium (³H), and helium isotopes (³He, ⁴He) were used for evaluating groundwater recharge sources, flow paths, and residence times of three watersheds in the Cape Verde Islands (West Africa). Stable isotopes indicate the predominance of high-elevation precipitation that undergoes little evaporation prior to groundwater recharge. In contrast to other active oceanic hotspots, environmental tracers show that deep geothermal circulation does not strongly affect groundwater. Low tritium concentrations at seven groundwater sites indicate groundwater residence times of more than 50 years. Higher tritium values at other sites suggest some recent recharge. High ⁴He and ³He/⁴He ratios precluded ³H/³He dating at six sites. These high ³He/⁴He ratios (R/R_a values of up to 8.3) are consistent with reported mantle derived helium of oceanic island basalts in Cape Verde and provided end-member constraints for improved dating at seven other locations. Tritium and ³H/³He dating shows that São Nicolau Island’s Ribeira Fajã Basin has groundwater residence times of more than 50 years, whereas Fogo Island’s Mosteiros Basin and Santo Antão Island’s Ribeira Paul Basin contain a mixture of young and old groundwater. Young ages at selected sites within these two basins indicate local recharge and potential groundwater susceptibility to surface contamination and/or salt-water intrusion.  相似文献   

Rocks control the chemical composition of surface water from the high Alpine Zermatt area (Swiss Alps)     

Kurt Bucher  Wei Zhou  Ingrid Stober 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2017,110(3):811-831

The study presents composition data of 87 surface water samples from high alpine catchments of the Zermatt area (Swiss Alps). The investigated area covers 170 km². It was found that the surface runoff acquires the dissolved solids mostly by reaction of precipitation water with the minerals of the bedrock. Total dissolved solids (TDS) vary from 6 to 268 mg L^?1. All collected water shows a clear chemical signature of the bedrock mineralogy. The contribution of atmospheric input is restricted to small amounts of ammonium nitrate and sodium chloride. NH₄ is a transient component and has not been detected in the runoff. Evaporation is not a significant mechanism for TDS increase in the Zermatt area. The chemical composition of the three main types of water can be related to the mineralogy of the dominant bedrock in the catchments. Specifically, Ca-HCO₃ (CC) waters develop from metamorphic mafic rocks and from carbonate-bearing schists. Mg-HCO₃ water originates from serpentinites and peridotites. Ca-SO₄ (CS) waters derive from continental basement rocks such as pyrite-rich granite and gneiss containing oligoclase or andesine. The collected data suggest that, together with reaction time, modal sulfide primarily controls and limits TDS of the waters by providing sulfuric acid for calcite (CC waters) and silicate (CS waters) dissolution. If calcite is present in the bedrock, its dissolution neutralizes the acid produced by sulphide weathering and buffers pH to near neutral to weakly alkaline conditions. If calcite is absent, the process produces low-pH waters in gneiss and granite catchments. The type of bedrock and its mineral assemblage can be recognized in water leaving very small catchments of some km² area. The large variety of water with a characteristic chemical signature is an impressive consequence of the richly diverse geology and the different rock inventory of the local catchments in the Zermatt area.  相似文献   

Zirconolite-bearing ultra-potassic veins in a mantle-xenolith from Mt. Melbourne Volcanic Field,Victoria Land,Antarctica     

Ingrid Hornig  Gerhard Wörner 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1991,106(3):355-366

One mantle xenolith from a basanite host of the Mt. Melbourne Volcanic Field (Ross Sea Rift) is extraordinary in containing veins filled with leucite, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, nepheline, Mg-ilmenite, apatite, titaniferous mica, and the rare mineral zirconolite. These veins show extensive reaction with the dunitic or lherzolitic host (olivine+spinel+orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene). The reaction areas contain skeletal olivine and diopside crystals, plagioclase, phlogopite, aluminous spinel and ilmenite in a fine grained groundmass of aluminous spinel, clinopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase and interstitial leucite. The vein composition estimated from modal abundances and microprobe analyses is a mafic leucite-phonolite with high amounts of K, Al, Ti, Zr and Nb but low volatile contents. The melt is unrelated to the host basanite and was probably derived by smallscale melting of incompatible element-enriched phlogopite-bearing mantle material and must have lost most of its volatile content during migration, crystallization and reaction with the host dunite. While the veins are completely undeformed the dunitic host shows slight deformation. Vein minerals crystallized at high temperatures above 1000°C and pressures below 5 kbar according to the phase assemblage including leucite, nepheline and K-feldspar. Spinel/olivine geothermometry yielded 800–920°C for the re-equilibration of the host peridotite. Thus the xenolith must have been at shallow depth prior to and during the late veining event. Mantle material at shallow depths is consistent with rifting and the regional extreme displacement at the transition from the rifted Victoria Land Basin in the Ross Sea to the uplifted Trans-Antarctic Mountains.  相似文献   

The Contribution of Philosophy to Hazards Assessment and Decision Making     

Ingrid Leman Stefanovic 《Natural Hazards》2003,28(2-3):229-247

Natural hazards assessment, mitigation, research and decisionmaking in the field have not typically been associated with the discipline of philosophy. Nevertheless, there is growing awareness that epistemological issues (regarding the nature ofscientific knowledge, for instance) and ethical questions (for example, relating to responsibilitiesto future generations) can no longer be ignored. This paper explores how values and philosophicalassumptions affect the way that we formulate natural hazards research questions; the methodsthat we choose to examine natural hazards and mitigation schemes; and, ultimately, how weinterpret technical data. It concludes with the recommendation that human factors andqualitative methods of research can contribute in a meaningful way to advancing natural hazardsresearch and decision making.  相似文献   

Stabilisation of soil organic matter by interactions with minerals as revealed by mineral dissolution and oxidative degradation   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Karin Eusterhues  Cornelia Rumpel  Markus Kleber  Ingrid Kgel-Knabner 《Organic Geochemistry》2003,34(12):1591-1600

Soil organic matter is known to contain a stable fraction with an old radiocarbon age. Size and stabilisation processes leading to the formation of this old soil carbon pool are still unclear. Our study aims to differentiate old organic matter from young and labile carbon compounds in two acid forest soils (dystric cambisol, haplic podzol). To identify such fractions soil samples were exposed to oxidation with Na₂S₂O₈ and to dissolution by hydrofluoric acid (HF). A negative correlation between ¹⁴C activity and carbon release after dissolution of the mineral matrix by HF indicates a strong association of stabilised carbon compounds with the mineral phase. A negative correlation between the ¹⁴C activity and the relative proportion of carbon resistant to oxidation by Na₂S₂O₈ shows that young carbon is removed preferentially by this treatment. The fraction remaining after oxidation represents a certain stabilised, long residence time carbon pool. This old fraction comprises between 1 and 30% of the total soil organic carbon in the surface horizons, but reaches up to 80% in the sub-surface horizons. Old OC is mainly stabilised by organo-mineral associations with clay minerals and/or iron oxides, whereas intercalation in clay minerals was not found to be important.  相似文献   

Tomographic inversion using ℓ₁-norm regularization of wavelet coefficients     

Ignace Loris  Guust Nolet  Ingrid Daubechies  F. A. Dahlen 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,170(1):359-370

We propose the use of ℓ₁ regularization in a wavelet basis for the solution of linearized seismic tomography problems   A m = d   , allowing for the possibility of sharp discontinuities superimposed on a smoothly varying background. An iterative method is used to find a sparse solution m that contains no more fine-scale structure than is necessary to fit the data d to within its assigned errors.  相似文献   

Changes in diatom, pollen, and chironomid assemblages in response to a recent volcanic event in Lake Galletué (Chilean Andes)     

Roberto Urrutia  Alberto Araneda  Fabiola Cruces  Laura Torres  Luis Chirinos  Hans C. Treutler  Nathalie Fagel  Sebastien Bertrand  Ingrid Alvial  Ricardo Barra  Emmanuel Chapron 《Limnologica》2007,37(1):49-62

Several lakes in Chile are near important volcanic areas where eruption impacts can limit the quality of lacustrine sediments for reconstructing past environmental changes. In this study, we report changes in diatoms, pollen, and chironomids assemblages after a tephra deposition in Lake Galletué (Chilean Andes). A sediment core obtained from Lake Galletué (40 m water depth) was sliced in 1 cm intervals and subsamples were taken to analyze each proxy. ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs activities were measured to obtain the geochronology and mineralogical analyses were performed to determine the mineral composition of the tephra. Diatom species composition and productivity were modified when the lake received the tephra; Aulacoseira granulata decreased and was later replaced by Cyclotella af. glomerata. After the tephra input, Aulacoseira granulata abundance increased to pre-disturbance levels and Cyclotella af. glomerata decreased. These changes seem to suggest a momentary increase in lake nutrient levels after the tephra deposition. Chironomid assemblages also decreased in head capsules just after the tephra deposition, but the most important change was the replacement of Ablabesmyia by Parakiefferiella, probably due to the sedimentological changes produced by the input of coarse tephra grains. Furthermore, unlike other studies, chironomid assemblages in Lake Galletué did not show a decrease drastically in diversity within the tephra layer. The pollen analysis indicated that, prior to the volcanic event, the vegetal community was dominated by Nothofagus sp., Araucaria araucana, and Blechnum sp.-type. After the tephra deposition, the same taxa are dominant, indicating that the volcanic event seems not produce changes in the vegetation. Nevertheless, within the tephra layer it is possible to see an increase in Poaceae, which represent – due to the percolation process – the effect of eruption on the vegetation. According to our results, diatoms were the most sensitive proxy for describing the changes produced by tephra deposition into the aquatic ecosystem and, despite the noticeable changes in its sedimentological properties; the lake seems to have a high resilience capacity, allowing it to return to pre-tephra input conditions.  相似文献