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11.
We present new high temperature elasticity data on two grossular garnet specimens. One specimen is single-crystal, of nearly endmember grossular, the other is polycrystalline with about 22% molar andradite. Our data extend the high temperature regime for which any garnet elasticity data are available from 1000 to 1350 K and the compositional range of temperature data to near endmember grossular. We also present new data on the thermal expansivity of calcium-rich garnet. We find virtually no discernable differences in the temperatureT derivatives at ambient conditions of the isotropic bulkK S and shearμ moduli when comparing our results between these two specimens. These calcium-rich garnets have the lowest values of ¦(?K S /?T) P ¦ = (1.47,1.49) x 10-2GPa/K, and among the highest values of ¦(?μ/?T) P ¦ = 1.25 x 10-2GPa/K, when compared with other garnets. Small, but measurable, nonlinear temperature dependences of most of the elastic moduli are observed. Several dimensionless parameters are computed with the new data and used to illustrate the effects of different assumptions on elastic equations of state extra-polated to high temperatures. We discuss how dimensionless parameters and other systematic considerations can be useful in estimating the temperature dependence of some properties of garnet phases for which temperature data are not yet available. While we believe it is premature to quantitatively predict the temperature variation ofK S andμ for majorite garnets, our results have bearing on the amount of diopside required to explain the shear velocity gradients in Earth's transition zone. 相似文献
12.
13.
H. L. Gomez L. Dunne R. J. Ivison E. M. Reynoso † M. A. Thompson B. Sibthorpe S. A. Eales T. M. DeLaney S. Maddox K. Isaak 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,397(3):1621-1632
Whether or not supernovae contribute significantly to the overall dust budget is a controversial subject. Submillimetre (sub-mm) observations, sensitive to cold dust, have shown an excess at 450 and 850 μm in young remnants Cassiopeia A (Cas A) and Kepler. Some of the sub-mm emission from Cas A has been shown to be contaminated by unrelated material along the line of sight. In this paper, we explore the emission from material towards Kepler using sub-mm continuum imaging and spectroscopic observations of atomic and molecular gas, via H i , 12 CO( J = 2–1) and 13 CO( J = 2–1). We detect weak CO emission (peak T *A = 0.2–1 K, 1–2 km s−1 full width at half-maximum) from diffuse, optically thin gas at the locations of some of the sub-mm clumps. The contribution to the sub-mm emission from foreground molecular and atomic clouds is negligible. The revised dust mass for Kepler's remnant is 0.1–1.2 M⊙ , about half of the quoted values in the original study by Morgan et al., but still sufficient to explain the origin of dust at high redshifts. 相似文献
14.
Ioannis Gatsis reas Pavlopoulos & Isaak Parcharidis 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2001,83(4):217-228
Natural hazards are mostly related to the activation of combined geomorphological and geological processes that control landform development. The study area is located in the NE part of Peloponnese (Corinthos prefecture). It is a typical agricultural area with intense relief, the result of active tectonics and important human intervention. This study demonstrates the benefits from the synergism of SAR data (ERS-2) and optical data (SPOT2-XS) in order to highlight the possible natural-hazardprone areas. These data give different and complementary information since the radar signal depends mostly on topography, surface roughness and soil moisture, whereas the visible/infrared channels provide spectral information mostly on vegetation and land use/cover. The application presented here was focused on the enhancement of the high erosion risk areas, the improvement of the terrain interpretation, the mapping and highlighting of the landform morphology, and a more accurate determination of the main factors that control the flooding risk of Corinthos town. 相似文献
15.
Orson L. Anderson Hitoshi Oda Anastasia Chopelas Donald G. Isaak 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1993,19(6):369-380
The Grüneisen ratio, γ, is defined as γy=αK TV/Cv. The volume dependence of γ(V) is solved for a wide range in temperature. The volume dependence of αK T is solved from the identity (? ln(αK T)/? ln V)T ≡ δ T-K′. α is the thermal expansivity; K T is the bulk modulus; C V is specific heat; and δ Tand K′ are dimensionless thermoelastic constants. The approach is to find values of δ T and K′, each as functions of T and V. We also solve for q=(? ln γ/? ln V) where q=δ T -K′+ 1-(? ln C V/? ln V)T. Calculations are taken down to a compression of 0.6, thus covering all possible values pertaining to the earth's mantle, q=? ln γ/? ln V; δ T=? ln α/? ln V; and K′= (?K T/?P)T. New experimental information related to the volume dependence of δ T, q, K′ and C V was used. For MgO, as the compression, η=V/V 0, drops from 1.0 to 0.7 at 2000 K, the results show that q drops from 1.2 to about 0.8; δ T drops from 5.0 to 3.2; δ T becomes slightly less than K′; ? ln C V/? In V→0; and γ drops from 1.5 to about 1. These observations are all in accord with recent laboratory data, seismic observations, and theoretical results. 相似文献
16.
Values of the complete adiabatic elastic tensor for single-crystal chrome-diopside (a monoclinic pyroxene mineral) are presented from 298 to 1,300 K. The data were obtained using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). They are the first published results for the temperature T dependences of the 13 individual elastic constants C
ij
of any clinopyroxene mineral. Each C
ij
is appropriately described by a linear function in T throughout the range of T. Values for each (∂C
ij
/∂T)
P
in GPa K−1 are as follows: C
11, −0.0291; C
22, −0.0248; C
33, −0.0179; C
44, −0.0103; C
55, −0.0077; C
66, −0.0152; C
12, −0.0119; C
13, −0.0064; C
23, 0.0000; C
15, 0.0025; C
25, 0.0022; C
35, −0.0046; and C
46, 0.0026. Values of (∂M/∂T)
P
in GPa K−1, where M represents an isotropic bulk property calculated from the C
ij
data, are as follows: adiabatic bulk modulus K
S
, −0.0123; isothermal bulk modulus K
T
, −0.0178; and shear modulus G, −0.00998. Some diopside derivatives, notably (∂K
S
/∂T)
P
, (∂K
T
/∂T)
P
, and (∂V
P
/∂T)
P
, where V
P
is the compressional wave velocity, have smaller magnitudes than all other minerals of importance in Earth’s mantle, thus, confirming predictions from systematics studies. We find several dimensionless quantities for this monoclinic mineral have normal values compared to other mantle minerals. Further, αK
T
(α is the volume coefficient of thermal expansion) for diopside is approximately independent of both T and volume V at elevated temperature, so its equation of state is accurately expressed in simplified form. 相似文献
17.
D. G. Isaak J. D. Carnes O. L. Anderson H. Cynn E. Hake 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1998,26(1):31-43
The ambient pressure elastic properties of single-crystal TiO2 rutile are reported from room temperature (RT) to 1800 K, extending by more than 1200 oK the maximum temperature for which rutile elasticity data are available. The magnitudes
of the temperature derivatives decrease with increasing temperature for five of the six adiabatic elastic moduli (C
ij
). At RT, we find (units, GPa): C
11=268(1); C
33=484(2); C
44=123.8(2); C
66=190.2(5); C
23=147(1); and C
12=175(1). The temperature derivatives (units, GPa K−1) at RT are: (∂C
11/∂T)
P
=−0.042(5); (∂C
33/∂T)
P
=−0.087(6); (∂C
44/∂T)
P
=−0.0187(2); (∂C
66/∂T)
P
=−0.067(2); (∂C
23/∂T)
P
=−0.025; and (∂C
12/∂T)
P
−0.048(5). The values for K
S
(adiabatic bulk modulus) and μ (isotropic shear modulus) and their temperature derivatives are K
S
=212(1) GPa; μ=113(1) GPa; (∂K
S
/∂T)
P
=−0.040(4) GPa K−1; and (∂μ/∂T)
P
=−0.018(1) GPa K−1. We calculate several dimensionless parameters over a large temperature range using our new data. The unusually high values
for the Anderson-Gròneisen parameters at room temperature decrease with increasing temperature. At high T, however, these parameters are still well above those for most other oxides. We also find that for TiO2, anharmonicity, as evidenced by a non-zero value of [∂ln (K
T
)/∂lnV]
T
, is insignificant at high T, implying that for the TiO2 analogue of stishovite, thermal pressure is independent of volume (or pressure). Systematic relations indicate that ∂2
K
S
/∂T∂P is as high as 7×10−4 K−1 for rutile, whereas ∂2μ/∂T∂P is an order of magnitude less.
Received: 19 September 1997 / Revised, accepted: 27 February 1998 相似文献
18.
19.
To obtain the temperatureT and volumeV (or pressureP) dependence of the Anderson-Grüneisen parameter
T
, measurements with high sensitivity are required. We show two examples:P, V, T measurements of NaCl done with the piston cylinder and elasticity measurements of MgO using a resonance method. In both cases, the sensitivity of the measurements leads to results that provide information about
T
(,T), where V/V
0 andV
0 is the volume at zero pressure. We demonstrate that determination of
T
leads to understanding of the volume and temperature dependence ofq=( ln / lnV)
T
over a broadV, T range, where is the Grüneisen ratio. 相似文献
20.
Bence Padman Isaak Wiedner & Wright 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,299(4):965-976
Our new 21-arcsec resolution CO J = 2 → 1 map of the L 43 dark cloud shows a poorly collimated molecular outflow, with little evidence for wings at velocities 10 km s−1 . The outflow appears not to be currently driven by a jet: its structure can instead be modelled as a slowly expanding shell. The shell may be compressed either by a wide-angled wind catching up with an existing shell (as in the case of planetary nebulæ), or by the thermal pressure of a hot low-emissivity medium interior to the shell. The outflow is most probably in a late stage of evolution, and appears to be in the process of blowing away its molecular cloud. We also present a 45-arcsec resolution CO J = 1 → 0 map of the whole molecular cloud, showing that the outflow structure is clearly visible even in the integrated intensity of this low excitation line, and suggesting that rapid mapping may prove useful as a way of finding regions of outflow activity. We also examine the immediate surroundings of the driving source with 450 μm imaging: this confirms that the outflow has already evacuated a bay in the vicinity of the young stellar object. 相似文献