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81.
82.
Particulate contribution to extinction of visible radiation: Pollution, haze, and fog 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Thierry Elias Martial Haeffelin Philippe Drobinski Laurent Gomes Jerome Rangognio Thierry Bergot Patrick Chazette Jean-Christophe Raut Michle Colomb 《Atmospheric Research》2009,92(4):443-454
A data set acquired by eight particle-dedicated instruments set up on the SIRTA (Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique, which is French for Instrumented Site for Atmospheric Remote Sensing Research) during the ParisFog field campaign are exploited to document microphysical properties of particles contributing to extinction of visible radiation in variable situations. The study focuses on a 48-hour period when atmospheric conditions are highly variable: relative humidity changes between 50 and 100%, visibility ranges between 65 and 35 000 m, the site is either downwind the Paris area either under maritime influence. A dense and homogeneous fog formed during the night by radiative cooling. In 6 h, visibility decreased down from 30 000 m in the clear-sky regime to 65 m within the fog, because of advected urban pollution (factor 3 to 4 in visibility reduction), aerosol hydration (factor 20) and aerosol activation (factor 6). Computations of aerosol optical properties, based on Mie theory, show that extinction in clear-sky regime is due equally to the ultrafine modes and to the accumulation mode. Extinction by haze is due to hydrated aerosol particles distributed in the accumulation mode, defined by a geometric mean diameter of 0.6 μm and a geometric standard deviation of 1.4. These hydrated aerosol particles still contribute by 20 ± 10% to extinction in the fog. The complementary extinction is due to fog droplets distributed around the geometric mean diameter of 3.2 μm with a geometric standard deviation of 1.5 during the first fog development stage. The study also shows that the experimental set-up could not count all fog droplets during the second and third fog development stages. 相似文献
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84.
1998年 6~ 1 1月 ,中国地质科学院与法国 Joseph大学地球物理及构造研究所合作 ,在青海共和至玉树公路沿线 ,布置了40台 Minititan三分量地震仪和 1 3台 CEIS单分量地震仪 ,进行天然地震观测 .研究区位于班公—怒江断裂以北、柴达木以东、中祁连断裂以南和龙门山断裂以西的区域 .沿线穿过南祁连、东昆仑、巴颜喀拉、金沙江等 ,横穿了青藏高原东部的大部分区域(图 1 ) .此剖面是第一次穿越青藏高原东部的地震探测剖面 ,它有利于与中部已有的研究成果进行对比 ,便于探讨在印度大陆向北俯冲的过程中 ,对青藏高原东部深部特征的影响 ,特别是… 相似文献
85.
A theoretical analysis is presented of a vibratory system in which it is possible to eliminate an unwanted mode of vibration by using that mode as an initial deformation of the system. The analysis shows that this is possible in straight beams with end restraints in axial deformation. The mathematical problem leads to an eigenvalue problem of a type not normally encountered. In the paper examples are given for the changes in eigenfrequency and mode shape produced by the initial preformed shape of the beam for cases where the preform is proportional to a mode of the straight beam and when the preform is unrelated to any mode. The analysis shows that, while elimination of a mode in the strict sense is not achieved, the results can be interpreted for practical purposes in this way. 相似文献
86.
An integrated model is developed for the short-term and long-term dynamic response of an offshore structure subjected to random wave excitation. A discrete linear, elastic model of the upper structure is coupled with an iterative linear quasi-three-dimensional finite element model for the pile-soil medium, and the system is subjected to stochastic storms described by mean rate of arrival, joint probability distribution of storm duration and average intensity, and a random process that describes the variations of a statistical wave height measure during each storm. Sarpkaya's 1977 experimental information is used to specify values for CM and CD, in Morison's equation, consistent with the flow and response characteristics. Soil (clay) degradation, due to cyclic excitation, is followed during the passage of a storm. The indicator of soil degradation is taken to be the value of the horizontal foundation stiffness and the stiffness degradation is modelled by a homogeneous Markov process. 相似文献
87.
Jerome O Nriagu 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1973,37(11):2357-2361
The saturation curve for synthetic α-hopeite, Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O in dilute phosphoric acid solutions has been determined at 25°C as a function of pH. Interpretation of the data in terms of a model which assumes the formation of the ion-pairs ZnHPO40 and ZnH2PO4+ in these solutions resulted in the solubility product constant for α-hopeite of 10?35.3±0.1. The data show that the formation of hopeite may influence both the availability of zinc in soils and the zinc levels in natural water systems. 相似文献
88.
The evaluation of existing and new landfills requires considerable consideration of environmental factors for the protection of groundwater resources. The initial evaluation of sites can be time-consuming and expensive depending on the assessment approach selected. General planning methods, such as the DRASTIC procedure, coupled with the use of analytical or numerical groundwater models can provide useful site selection tools by improving the quality and quantity of analysis. This paper presents an overview of some promising methods for landfill site evaluation and suggests alternative data sources where few data are present. Examples of some of the methods are given. 相似文献
89.
AUTOMATED GEOGRAPHY 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
Jerome E. Dobson 《The Professional geographer》1983,35(2):135-143
Analytical methods and computer technology for spatial analysis have advanced rapidly. Geographers can now consider a general form of automated geography which integrates all of the new techniques into an analytical whole. Computer cartography, computer graphics, digital remote sensing, geographic information systems, spatial statistics, and quantitative spatial modeling can be combined eclectically with traditional manual techniques to address geographic problems that are too large and complex for manual treatment alone. Small systems are widely available to facilitate small, less complex problems. Automation can assist in all forms of geography—scientific and humanistic, nomothetic and idiographic, basic and applied—but its adoption is likely to be highest among applied scientists. The immediate challenge is to prepare for a major shift toward computer instruction and automated geography in the late 1980s. Long term effects will include improved contributions by geographers to national and international policy analyses, a greater emphasis on team-work and sharing, stronger ties with other disciplines, and a generally more viable discipline. 相似文献
90.
The Needles fine octahedrite, which weighs 45.3 kg, was found in 1962 in the Turtle Mountains, about 50 km SSW of Needles, California. It contains 10.3% Ni, 77 ppm Ga, 93 ppm Ge and 4.8 ppm Ir, and is a member of chemical group II D. It is rather similar to the Wallapai, Arizona, meteorite, and may possibly be a transported mass from this multiple fall. The compositional evidence slightly favors the interpretation that Needles is a distinct fall. 相似文献