The economic impact of the port of Liverpool on the economy of Merseyside — Using a multiplier approach     

Joanna Kinsey 《Geoforum》1981,12(4):331-347

Liverpool developed round the Port which brought prosperity to the region dating from the 18th century. Over the last twenty years, however, changes in trading patterns and cargo-handling methods have had a distinct and drastic impact upon the Port. Today it is struggling to compete with South and East coast rivals. Its economic impact on the local economy is also declining. Through examining activity linked with the Port it was found that (a) jobs totally dependent upon the Port number less than 15,000, (b) firms supplying the Port are generally only dependent upon it for an extremely small proportion of their total turnover and (c) the Port's customers, which tend to be located in the North West, West Midlands and Yorkshire-Humberside, are decreasing in number and are frequently constrained by shipping companies for their choice of port.  相似文献   

Climate change and the water–energy–food nexus: insights from policy and practice in Tanzania     

Joanna Pardoe  Declan Conway  Emilinah Namaganda  Katharine Vincent  Andrew J. Dougill  Japhet J. Kashaigili 《Climate Policy》2018,18(7):863-877

The threat of climate change is emerging at a time of rapid growth for many economies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Dominant narratives comprising ambitious development plans are common and often based around sectors with strong inter-dependencies that are highly exposed to climate variability. Using document analysis and key informant interviews, this article examines how climate change is addressed in policy, how it is being mainstreamed into water, energy and agriculture sector policies and the extent to which cross-sectoral linkages enable coordinated action. These questions are addressed through a case study of Tanzania, highlighting broader lessons for other developing countries, particularly those in SSA facing similar challenges. The article finds that, while the agriculture and water sectors are increasingly integrating climate change into policies and plans in Tanzania, practical coordination on adaptation remains relatively superficial. Publication of the Tanzania National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) in 2007 marked a step change in the integration of climate change in sectoral policies and plans; however, it may have reinforced a sectoral approach to climate change. Examining the policies for coherence highlights overlaps and complementarities which lend themselves to a coordinated approach. Institutional constraints (particularly structures and resources) restrict opportunities for inter-sectoral action and thus collaboration is confined to ad hoc projects with mixed success to date. The results highlight the need for institutional frameworks that recognize and address these constraints to enable development goals to be pursued in a more sustainable and climate-resilient manner.

KEY POLICY INSIGHTS

• The NAPA has been successful at encouraging climate change mainstreaming into sectoral policies in Tanzania; however, the cross-sectoral collaboration crucial to implementing adaptation strategies remains limited due to institutional challenges such as power imbalances, budget constraints and an ingrained sectoral approach.

• Collaboration between nexus sectors in Tanzania is largely through ad hoc projects with limited progress on establishing deeper connections to enable collaboration as a process. Regular cross-sectoral planning meetings and consistent annual budgets could provide a platform to enhance cross-sectoral coordination.

• Plans to develop hydropower and agriculture are prevalent across sub-Saharan Africa. Insights from Tanzania highlight the importance of institutional and policy frameworks that enable cross-sectoral coordination.

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Pricing of uncertain certified emission reductions in a Chinese coal mine methane project with an extended Rubinstein-Ståhl model     

Xiangyang Xu  Joanna Horabik  Zbigniew Nahorski 《Climatic change》2014,124(3):617-632

The development of coal mine methane (CMM) projects is subject to various kinds of risk, one of these being their highly variable methane content. In this study, a new methodology is proposed to reflect the impact of this uncertainty on a negotiated Certified Emission Reduction (CER) price, which is based on the available information. To simulate a process of price negotiation the Rubinstein-Ståhl bargaining game is utilized, where a buyer’s discount factor is unknown. It is assumed that a buyer’s willingness to accomplish price negotiations depends on the CER uncertainty. The bargaining model has been extended by introducing dependence of its three parameters on the probability of a failure to fulfil the contracted CER amount. To quantify this probability, we develop a conditional distribution given information on the point estimate of methane amount for the project under consideration, and on the distribution of available estimates from coal mines having similar characteristics. The proposed approach is applied to a particular CMM capture and utilization project in Anhui province, China. The results indicate that the uncertainty influence is significant, particularly when the credibility of a seller increases, i.e. the probability of a failure to fulfil the project decreases. The analysis can be of use to both negotiating parties at an early stage of a comprehensive CMM project planning.  相似文献   

A comprehensive look at technology transfer     

Joanna I. Lewis 《Climate Policy》2015,15(1):177-179

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COP/MOP-1 and COP-11: a breakthrough for the climate change regime?     

Joanna Depledge  Michael Grubb 《Climate Policy》2013,13(5):553-560

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Dissolution of Quartz, Albite, and Orthoclase in H2O-Saturated Haplogranitic Melt at 800{degrees}C and 200 MPa: Diffusive Transport Properties of Granitic Melts at Crustal Anatectic Conditions     

ACOSTA-VIGIL  ANTONIO; LONDON  DAVID; MORGAN  GEORGE B.  VI; DEWERS  THOMAS A. 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(2):231-254

We have conducted experiments on dissolution of quartz, albite,orthoclase, and corundum into H₂O-saturated haplogranite meltat 800°C and 200 MPa over a duration of 120–1488 hwith the aim of ascertaining the diffusive transport propertiesof granitic melts at crustal anatectic temperatures. Cylindersof anhydrous starting glass and a single mineral phase (quartzor feldspar) were juxtaposed along flat and polished surfacesinside gold or platinum capsules with 10 wt % added H₂O. Concentrationprofiles in glass (quenched melt) perpendicular to the mineral–glassinterfaces and comparison with relevant phase diagrams suggestthat melts at the interface are saturated in the dissolvingphases after 384 h, and with longer durations the concentrationprofiles are controlled only by diffusion of components in themelt. The evolution of the concentration profiles with timeindicates that uncoupled diffusion in the melt takes place alongthe following four linearly independent directions in oxidecomposition space: SiO₂, Na₂O, and K₂O axes (Si-, Na-, and K-eigenvectors,respectively), and a direction between the Al₂O₃, Na₂O, andK₂O axes (Al-eigenvector), such that the Al/Na molar ratio isequal to that of the bulk melt and the Al/(Na + K) molar ratiois equal to the equilibrium ASI (= mol. Al₂O₃/[Na₂O + K₂O])of the melt. Experiments in which a glass cylinder was sandwichedbetween two mineral cylinders—quartz and albite, quartzand K-feldspar, or albite and corundum—tested the validityof the inferred directions of uncoupled diffusion and exploredlong-range chemical communication in the melt via chemical potentialgradients. The application of available solutions to the diffusionequations for the experimental quartz and feldspar dissolutiondata provides diffusivities along the directions of the Si-eigenvectorand Al-eigenvector of (2·0–2·8) x 10^–15m²/s and (0·6–2·4) x 10^–14 m²/s, respectively.Minimum diffusivities of alkalis [(3–9) x 10^–11m²/s] are orders of magnitude greater than the tetrahedral componentsof the melt. The information provided here determines the rateat which crustal anatexis can occur when sufficient heat issupplied and diffusion is the only mass transport (mixing) processin the melt. The calculated diffusivities imply that a quartzo-feldspathicsource rock with initial grain size of 2–3 mm undergoinghydrostatic, H₂O-saturated melting at 800°C (infinite heatsupply) could produce 20–30 vol. % of homogeneous meltin less than 1–10 years. Slower diffusion in H₂O-undersaturatedmelts will increase this time frame. KEY WORDS: chemical diffusion; haplogranite; mineral dissolution experiments; crustal anatexis  相似文献