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31.
Rosamond L. Naylor Walter P. Falcon Daniel Rochberg Nikolas Wada 《Climatic change》2001,50(3):255-265
Despite the strong signal of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on climate in the Indo-Pacific region, models linking ENSO-based climate variability to seasonal rice production and food security in the region have not been well developed or widely used in a policy context. This study successfully measures the connections among sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), rainfall, and rice production in Indonesia during the past three decades. Regression results show particularly strong connections on Java, where 55% of the country's rice is grown. Two-thirds of the interannual variance in rice plantings and 40% of the interannual variance in rice production during the main (wet) season on Java are explained by year-to-year fluctuations in SSTAs measured 4 and 8 months in advance, respectively. These effects are cumulative; during strong El Niño years, production shortfalls in the wet season are not made up later in the crop year. The analysis demonstrates that quantitative predictions of ENSO's effects on rice harvests can provide an additional tool for managing food security in one of the world's most populous and important rice-producing countries. 相似文献
32.
33.
Eitaro Wada 《Journal of Oceanography》1973,29(4):163-170
34.
Which is more important for tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and intensification, sea surface temperature (SST) or tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP)? Investigations using best-track TC central pressures, TRMM/TMI three-day mean SST data, and an estimated TCHP based on oceanic reanalysis data from 1998 to 2004, show that the central pressure is more closely related to TCHP accumulated from TC formation to its mature stages than to the accumulated SST and its duration. From an oceanic environmental viewpoint, a rapid deepening of TC central pressure occurs when TCHP is relatively high on a basin scale, while composite distributions of TCHP, vertical wind shear, lower tropospheric relative humidity, and wind speed occurring in cases of rapid intensification are different for each TC season. In order to explore the influence of TCHP on TC intensity and intensification, analyses using both oceanic reanalysis data and the results of numerical simulations based on an ocean general circulation model are performed for the cases of Typhoons Chaba (2004) and Songda (2004), which took similar tracks. The decrease in TCHP due to the passage of Chaba led to the suppression of Songda’s intensity at the mature stage, while Songda maintained its intensity for a relatively long time because induced near-inertial currents due to the passage of Chaba reproduced anticyclonic warm eddies appearing on the leftside of Chaba’s track before Songda passed by. This type of intensity-sustenance process caused by the passage of a preceding TC is often found in El Niño years. These results suggest that TCHP, but not SST, plays an important role in TC intensity and its intensification. 相似文献
35.
Marine aerosols in the western North Pacific were collected using a cascade impactor. Size-separated aerosols were analyzed for organic carbon, alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The results showed that the rate of decrease of the atmospheric concentrations of these organic components with increase in distance from Japan as well as from the coast of the Eurasian Continent was in the order PAHalkanes>organic carbon. The bulk of all these organic components occurred in the smallest size fraction of particles (<1m). Analysis of the alkanes and PAH indicated that the hydrocarbons in aerosols in Japanese coastal marine areas are primarily derived from terrestrial anthropogenic sources which also contribute to a lesser extent to aerosols in marine areas about 1,000 km off the coast of Japan. In remote marine areas the hydrocarbons on small particles (<1m) have principally a natural terrestrial origin while those on larger particles are marine in origin. 相似文献
36.
Insaf S. Babiker Mohamed A. A. Mohamed Kaori Komaki Keiichi Ohta Kikuo Kato 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(3):553-562
Changes in patterns of undetectability and molar ratios of dissolved nutrients in the euphotic zone of the oligotrophic western
North Atlantic Ocean were investigated utilizing the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) data set of the US Joint Global
Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). Our aim was to examine the temporal dynamics of nutrient stocks over a decade (1989∼1998) and to
gain insight into the interactions between the different biotic and abiotic factors underlying BATS. Patterns of nutrient
undetectability clearly revealed the depleted nature of the nutrients in surface water at the BATS location, particularly
phosphorous. The N:P ratio was consistently far above the nominal Redfield ratio (mean, 38.5) but was significantly lower
during the 1993∼1994 period (22.1). Over the same period the proportion of samples depleted in N only increased while the
proportion of samples depleted in P only decreased. This indicates an overall reduction of N relative to P in the surface
water at BATS during the 1993∼1994 period, the reasons for this anomaly, though, are not clear. The correlation analysis between
the biotic and abiotic variables at BATS has indicated some interesting relationships that can help understand some of the
parameters affecting nutrient stocks in the euphotic zone and their consequent impacts on marine biota. Although nutrient
stocks in the oligotrophic environment are limited, they might be subject to interannual variation that may become anomalous
in some cases. These variations might underlay significant feedback mechanisms by affecting marine productivity, the prime
factor controlling the sequestration of atmospheric CO2 by the oceans.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
37.
Numerical Simulations of Sea Surface Cooling by a Mixed Layer Model during the Passage of Typhoon Rex 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
In order to investigate the formation mechanism of rapid decrease of maritime sea surface temperature (SST) observed by R/V Keifu Maru, the ocean response to Typhoon Rex is simulated using a mixed layer model. The rapid decrease of the maritime SST is successfully simulated with realistic atmospheric forcing and an entrainment scheme of which sources of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) are production due to wind stress, generation during free convection, and production due to current shear. The rapid decrease at the observed station by R/V Keifu Maru is not produced by instant atmospheric forcing but is mainly produced by entrainment on the right side of the running typhoon as a part of cooling area during its passage, and remained during a few days. The sea surface cooling (SSC) is evident along the track and on the right side of the running typhoon, which is similar to the SSC of satellite observation by TRMM/TMI. The conspicuous SSC produced by both entrainment and upwelling is situated just under the track of typhoon when the typhoon moves slower. Intercomparison of entrainment schemes of the mixed layer model is implemented. Frictional velocity and buoyancy effects are effective for a gradual SSC covering the wide region. In contrast, the effect of current shear at the mixed layer base is related to the amount of SSC and the sharp horizontal gradient of SSC. The entrainment scheme including all three TKE sources has the best performance for SSC simulation. 相似文献
38.
Innovative applications of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) to the determination of inorganic ions in environmental aquatic samples of high salinity and, particularly, in seawater are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on advanced approaches utilized for securing separation performance from being degraded by the presence of matrix salts and for simultaneous separation of ions different in natural abundance. Also covered are methodologies of present or possible use to evolve the method's practical utility to trace-level ions. Surveyed procedures are tabulated for the purpose of facilitating the method selection or further development. In addition, brief background information on basic methodological principles of CZE in inorganic ion analysis is given for a better orientation of those intending or just beginning to put CZE to work. Finally, possible future research trends and developments of CZE in the area are briefly discussed. 相似文献
39.
Keiichi Maeda Nozomu Tominaga 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,394(3):1317-1324
Theoretically expected natures of a supernova (SN) driven by a wind/jet are discussed. Approximate analytical formulations are derived to clarify basic physical processes involved in the wind/jet-driven explosions, and it is shown that the explosion properties are characterized by the energy injection rate and the mass injection rate . To explain observations of Supernova 1998bw associated with gamma-ray burst (GRB) 980425, the following conditions are required: and (if the wind Lorentz factor Γw ∼ 1 ) or (if Γw ≫ 1 ). In Supernova 1998bw, 56 Ni (∼0.4 M⊙ ) is probably produced in the shocked stellar mantle, not in the wind. The expected natures of SNe, e.g. ejected 56 Ni mass and ejecta mass, vary depending on and . The sequence of the SN properties from high and to low and is as follows: Supernova 1998bw-like – intermediate case – low mass ejecta (≲1 M⊙ ) where 56 Ni is from the wind – whole collapse. This diversity may explain the diversity of SNe associated with GRBs. Our result can be used to constrain natures of the wind/jet, which are linked to the central engine of GRBs, by studying properties of the associated SNe. 相似文献
40.
A few Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have been suggested to be an explosion of a super-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf (WD) in order to account for their large luminosities, requiring a large amount of 56 Ni. However, the candidate overluminous SNe Ia 2003fg, 2006gz and (moderately overluminous) SN 1991T have very different observational features: the characteristic time-scale and velocity are very different. We examine if and how the diversity can be explained, by one-dimensional spherical radiation transport calculations covering a wide range of model parameters (e.g. WD mass). The observations of SN 2006gz are naturally explained by the super-Chandrasekhar-mass model. SN 1991T represents a marginal case, which may either be a Chandrasekhar or a super-Chandrasekhar-mass WD explosion. In contrast, the low velocity and short time-scale seen in SN 2003fg indicate that the ejecta mass is smaller than the Chandrasekhar mass, which is in apparent contradiction to the large luminosity. We suggest that the problem is solved if the progenitor WD, and thus the SN explosion, is aspherical. This may reflect a rapid rotation of the progenitor star, likely a consequence of the super-Chandrasekhar-mass WD progenitor. The observed differences between SNe 2003fg and 2006gz may be attributed to different viewing orientations. 相似文献