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11.
Experimental studies on the stability of several Mg-sulfate hydrates including epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O), hexahydrite (MgSO4·6H2O), starkeyite (MgSO4·4H2O), and kieserite (MgSO4·H2O) as a function of temperature and relative humidity are in poor agreement with calculations based on thermodynamic properties of these substances taken from the literature. Therefore, we synthesized four different MgSO4 hydrates and measured their enthalpies of formation by solution calorimetry at T = 298.15 K. The resulting enthalpies of formation from the elements are:
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- ΔfH0298 (epsomite) = −3387.7 ± 1.3 kJmol−1
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- ΔfH0298 (hexahydrite) = −3088.1 ± 1.1 kJmol−1
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- ΔfH0298 (sanderite, MgSO4·2H2O) = −1894.9 ± 1.3 kJmol−1
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- ΔfH0298 (kieserite) = −1612.4 ± 1.3 kJmol−1
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- Epsomite: ΔfH0298 = −3388.7 kJmol−1, S0298 = 371.3 Jmol−1 K−1, ΔfG0298 = −2871.0 kJmol−1
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- Hexahydrite: ΔfH0298 = −3087.3 kJmol−1, S0298 = 348.5 Jmol−1 K−1, ΔfG0298 = −2632.3 kJmol−1
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- Starkeyite: ΔfH0298 = −2496.1 kJmol−1, S0298 = 259.9 Jmol−1 K−1, ΔfG0298 = −2153.8 kJmol−1
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- Kieserite: ΔfH0298 = −1611.5 kJmol−1, S0298 = 126.0 Jmol−1 K−1, ΔfG0298 = −1437.9 kJmol−1
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K. Stephan R. Jaumann R. Wagner M. C. De Sanctis E. Palomba A. Longobardo D. A. Williams K. Krohn F. Tosi L. A. McFadden F. G. Carrozzo F. Zambon E. Ammannito J.‐P. Combe K.‐D. Matz F. Schulzeck I. von der Gathen T. Roatsch C. A. Raymond C. T. Russell 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2018,53(9):1866-1883
Impact crater Dantu not only exhibits a very complex geological history but also shows an exceptional heterogeneity of its surface composition. Because of its location within a low‐lying region named Vendimia Planitia, which has been proposed to represent an ancient impact basin, Dantu possibly offers a window into the composition of Ceres’s deeper crust, which apparently is enriched in ammonia. Local concentration of carbonates within Dantu or its ejecta blanket may be either exposed or their emplacement induced by the Dantu impact event. Because carbonates can be seen along Dantu's crater walls, exposed due to recent slumping, but also as fresh spots or clusters of spots scattered across the surface, the deposition/formation of carbonates took place over a long time period. The association of several bright spots enriched in carbonates with sets of fractures on Dantu's floor might be accidental. Nevertheless, its morphological and compositional similarity to the faculae in Ceres’s prominent impact crater Occator including its hydrated state does not exclude a cryo‐volcanic origin, i.e., upwelling of carbonate‐enriched brines influenced by H2O ice in the subsurface. Indeed, an isolated H2O ice spot can be identified near Dantu, which shows that ice still exists in Ceres’s subsurface at midlatitudes and that it can exist on the surface for a longer period of time. 相似文献
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Klaus-Dieter Meyer 《第四纪科学杂志》1998,13(3):282-282
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C. M. Pieters A. Nathues G. Thangjam M. Hoffmann T. Platz M. C. de Sanctis E. Ammannito F. Tosi F. Zambon J. H. Pasckert H. Hiesinger S. E. Schröder R. Jaumann K.‐D. Matz J. C. Castillo‐Rogez O. Ruesch L. A. McFadden D. P. O'Brien M. Sykes C. A. Raymond C. T. Russell 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2018,53(9):1983-1998
The geologic context of red organic‐rich materials (ROR) found across an elongated 200 km region on Ceres is evaluated with spectral information from the multispectral framing camera (FC) and the visible and near‐infrared mapping spectrometer (VIR) of Dawn. Discrete areas of ROR materials are found to be associated with small fresh craters less than a few hundred meters in diameter. Regions with the highest concentration of discrete ROR areas exhibit a weaker diffuse background of ROR materials. The observed pattern could be consistent with a field of secondary impacts, but no appropriate primary crater has been found. Both endogenic and exogenic sources are being considered for these distinctive organic materials. 相似文献
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Manuel Valera Zhengyang Guo Priscilla Kelly Sean Matz Vito Adrian Cantu Allon G. Percus Jeffrey D. Hyman Gowri Srinivasan Hari S. Viswanathan 《Computational Geosciences》2018,22(3):695-710
Structural and topological information play a key role in modeling flow and transport through fractured rock in the subsurface. Discrete fracture network (DFN) computational suites such as dfnWorks (Hyman et al. Comput. Geosci. 84, 10–19 2015) are designed to simulate flow and transport in such porous media. Flow and transport calculations reveal that a small backbone of fractures exists, where most flow and transport occurs. Restricting the flowing fracture network to this backbone provides a significant reduction in the network’s effective size. However, the particle-tracking simulations needed to determine this reduction are computationally intensive. Such methods may be impractical for large systems or for robust uncertainty quantification of fracture networks, where thousands of forward simulations are needed to bound system behavior. In this paper, we develop an alternative network reduction approach to characterizing transport in DFNs, by combining graph theoretical and machine learning methods. We consider a graph representation where nodes signify fractures and edges denote their intersections. Using random forest and support vector machines, we rapidly identify a subnetwork that captures the flow patterns of the full DFN, based primarily on node centrality features in the graph. Our supervised learning techniques train on particle-tracking backbone paths found by dfnWorks, but run in negligible time compared to those simulations. We find that our predictions can reduce the network to approximately 20% of its original size, while still generating breakthrough curves consistent with those of the original network. 相似文献
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