Decadal-scale variations of water mass properties in the deep Weddell Sea   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Eberhard?FahrbachEmail author  Mario?Hoppema  Gerd?Rohardt  Michael?Schr?der  Andreas?Wisotzki 《Ocean Dynamics》2004,54(1):77-91

Data from cruises between 1989 and 2003 with FS Polarstern were used to construct section-wide potential temperature and salinity time series of the main water masses in the Weddell Gyre. In tandem with these CTD data, two time series between 1989 and 1995 are presented from moored instruments in the central Weddell Sea. The regional and methodological consistency of the dataset allows us to quantify variations which are not visible in less homogeneous datasets. The data reveal significant temperature and salinity variations of the Warm Deep Water and the Weddell Sea Bottom Water on a decadal time scale. The longest time series were obtained at the prime meridian. Here warming is observed in the Warm Deep Water from 1992 to 1998 followed by cooling. In the Weddell Sea proper, measurements of instruments moored in the Weddell Sea Bottom Water layer recorded a temperature increase over 6 years at a rate of 0.01 °C a^–1. After the mooring period, CTD casts in 1998 point to a weakening of the trend. The warming trend in the bottom water occurs over most of the Weddell Sea, as detected in the additional CTD surveys. The variations are close to the detection level in the voluminous Weddell Sea Deep Water. The initial warming trend of the Warm Deep Water is consistent with warming trends reported in literature of subsurface waters of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The reversal of the trend in the Weddell Sea seems to be related to variations of the atmospheric conditions which can affect both the intrusion of Circumpolar Deep Water from the north and the circulation of the Weddell Gyre. Because the Warm Deep Water is the major source water for the formation of deep and bottom water in the Weddell Sea, it is suggested that its increase in temperature and salinity is likely to at least partly cause the variations which were observed in the bottom water.Responsible Editor: Jörg-Olaf Wolff  相似文献   

Using sea-level data to constrain a finite-element primitive-equation ocean model with a local SEIK filter     

Lars Nerger  Sergey Danilov  Wolfgang Hiller  Jens Schröter 《Ocean Dynamics》2006,56(5-6):634-649

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Stellar evolution models for Z = 0.0001 to 0.03     

Onno R. Pols  Klaus-Peter Schro¨der  Jarrod R. Hurley  Christopher A. Tout  & Peter P. Eggleton 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,298(2):525-536

We have calculated a grid of empirically well tested evolutionary tracks with masses M between 0.5 and 50 M⊙, spaced by approximately 0.1 in log M , and with metallicities Z  = 0.0001, 0.0003, 0.001, 0.004, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03. We use a robust and fast evolution code with a self-adaptive non-Lagrangian mesh, which employs the mixing-length theory but treats convective mixing as a diffusion process, solving simultaneously for the structure and the chemical composition. The hydrogen and helium abundances are chosen as functions of the metallicity: X  = 0.76 − 3.0 Z Y  = 0.24 + 2.0 Z .   Two sets of models were computed, one without and one with a certain amount of enhanced mixing or 'overshooting'. This amount has been empirically chosen by means of various sensitive tests for overshooting: (1) the luminosity of core helium burning (blue loop) giants of well-known mass, (2) the width of the main sequence as defined by double-lined eclipsing binaries with well-measured masses and radii, and (3) the shape and implied stellar distribution of isochrones of various open clusters. The first two tests have been the subject of previous papers, the third test is discussed in this paper. On the basis of these tests, we recommend the use of the overshooting models for masses above about 1.5M ⊙.   We describe here the characteristics of the models, the procedure for constructing isochrones for arbitrary age and metallicity from the models, and the performance of these isochrones for several intermediate-age and old open clusters. All original models are available in electronic form and we describe the means by which they may be obtained.  相似文献   

Post-Variscan sedimentary record of the SW margin of the Bohemian massif: a review     

B. Schröder  H. Ahrendt  A. Peterek  K. Wemmer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1997,86(1):178-184

The late-Palaeozoic to Cenozoic stratigraphic and structural record of the southwestern margin of the Bohemian massif and its extension beneath the southward adjacent Molasse basin shows that it is controlled by a system of basement-involving faults which came into evidence during Stephanian– Autunian times and which were subsequently repeatedly reactivated. Thick Permo-Carboniferous clastics accumulated in fault-bounded transtensional basins aligned with the southwestern Bohemian border zone (SWBBZ). Following late-Autunian deformation of these basins, the SWBBZ was overstepped by late-Permian to Late Jurassic platform sediments, reflecting tectonic stability. During the Early Cretaceous the SWBBZ was strongly reactivated, causing disruption and erosion of its Mesozoic sedimentary cover. Sedimentation resumed in the area of the SWBBZ during late Early and Late Cretaceous with clastic influx from the Bohemian massif reflecting gradually increasing tectonic activity along the SWBBZ. During the Late Senonian and Paleocene transpressional deformations resulted in upthrusting of major basement blocks. In the Molasse basin such structures are sealed by transgressive Late Eocene marine strata. Mio-Pliocene uplift of the Bohemian massif, involving mild reactivation of the SWBBZ, is related to the development of the volcano-tectonic Eger zone. The structural configuration of the SWBBZ is largely the result of Late Senonian–Paleocene compressional intraplate tectonics which play a major role in the structural framework of the northern Alpine and Carpathian foreland.  相似文献   

Neogene fault activity and morphogenesis in the basement area north of the KTB drill site (Fichtelgebirge and Steinwald)     

A. Peterek  B. Schröder 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1997,86(1):185-190

The Fichtelgebirge and Steinwald areas are situated at the western end of the Cenozoic Eger graben. Repeated Neogene fault activity and polyphase morphogenesis created a complex morphotectonic structure. Based on morphotectonic criteria three stages of tectonic activity can be determined: (a) late Oligocene to early Miocene; (b) middle-late Miocene; and (c) late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. Due to the Neogene tectonic movements, the pre-basaltic (preOligocene to Miocene) landscape has been differentially uplifted/downthrown and intensely modified by post-basaltic surface planation (HF). Broad paleovalleys (AT) of late Miocene to early Pliocene age and a system of Pliocene and Quaternary fluvial terraces and pediments (BT and ET) have been incised into the widespread HF relief elements. Due to repeated faulting and erosion, the stratigraphic record of Neogene sediments within the studied area is fragmentary.  相似文献   

A SVAT scheme for NO,NO2, and O3 — Model description and test results     

G. Kramm  N. Beier  T. Foken  H. Müller  P. Schröder  W. Seiler 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1996,61(1-2):89-106

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Heterogene Gleichgewichte in der Wolframitgruppe     

Dipl. Min. R. Hochleitner  Prof. Dr. H. Schröcke 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1985,34(1):35-47

Zusammenfassung Im System Fe–Mn–W–O wurden die heterogenen Gleichgewichte bei 1000°C ausgehend von allen binären und ternären Randsystemen untersucht. Im System Fe–Mn–W wurde die intermetallische Verbindung Mn₅Fe_2,7W_2,3 gefunden. Im System Fe–Mn–O gibt es keine ternären Verbindungen, in den anderen Dreistoffsystemen nur FeWO₄, Fe₂WO₆ und MnWO₄. Mn₂WO₆ ließ sich bis pO₂=100 atm nicht darstellen. Quaternäre Verbindungen fehlen völlig. ZnWO₄ und NiWO₄ sind gegen FeO und MnO nicht stabil und reagieren zu FeWO₄ und MnWO₄ plus ZnO und NiO. Hydrothermal konnte bei pH₂O=2000 atm vollständige Mischbarkeit von FeWO₄ und MnWO₄ bis 160°C herab nachgewiesen werden. Die früher (Schröcke, 1960) durch Festkörperreaktionen festgestellte asymmetrische Mischungslücke im System FeWO₄–NiWO₄ konnte korrigiert werden,T _kj =525°C,x _kr =0.15 FeWO₄. FeWO₄–ZnWO₄ und MnWO₄–ZnWO₄ sind bis mindestens 414°C, MnWO₄ und NiWO₄ bis mindestens 454°C herab vollständig mischbar.

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Heterogeneous equilibria in the Wolframite group

Summary In the system Fe–Mn–W–O solid state equilibria at 1000°C were determined beginning with all binary and ternary bordering systems. In the system Fe–Mn–W the ternary phase Mn₅Fe_2.7W_2.3 was found. In the system Fe–Mn–O there does not exist any ternary phase. In the other systems only FeWO₄, Fe₂WO₆ and MnWO₄ exist. Mn₄WO₆ could not be synthesized up to 100 atm partial pressure of oxygen. Quaternary phases do not exist. ZnWO₄ and NiWO₄ are not stable in coexistence with FeO and MnO oxides. Reaction products are always FeWO₄ or MnWO₄ with ZnO or NiO. Hydrothermal studies at pH₂O=2000 atm showed complete solid solution in the system FeWO₄–MnWO₄ down to 160°C.Schröcke (1960) found an asymmetrical miscibility gap in the system FeWO₄–NiWO₄ by means of solid state reactions. Now this miscibility gap has been corrected: Critical temperature 525°C, critical composition 0,15 FeWO₄. Complete miscibility exists in the systems FeWO₄–ZnWO₄ and MnWO₄–ZnWO₄ down to at least 414°C, in the system MnWO₄–NiWO₄ down to at least 454°C.

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Über den transport von Wolfram und den Absatz von Wolfram-Doppel-Oxiden in fluiden wässrigen LösungenThe transport of tungsten and the deposition of tungsten double oxides in fluid,aqueous solutions     

Helmut Schröcke  Alfons Trumm  Rupert Hochleitner 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1984,48(9):1791-1805

The transportation of W in aqueous gas-phases at and above 500°C is examined using thermodynamic data. The transport of W is possible as fluoride and oxifluoride. The deposition of wolframite continues with decreasing temperature and pressure. The stabilities of wolframates in hydrothermal solutions are examined for temperatures up to 300°C with Eh-pH-diagrams, exchange reactions of wolframite with oxides, sulfides and dissolved ions. Fe₂WO₆ becomes stable against Fe₂O₃ + WO₃ above 126°C. At 300°C its range of stability begins at high pO₂ which is not realised in hydrothennal endogenous solutions. In consequence of the very low Gibbs energies of MgWO₄, CaWO₄ and BaWO₄, the minerals MgWO₄ and BaWO₄ should be more important than wolframite, if Mg and Ba coexist in solution together with W. Co and Ni also should be found as trace elements in wolframite, if Co and Ni were in solution in sufficiently high concentrations together with W.  相似文献   

Accounting for site effect in probabilistic assessment of seismic hazard for Romania and Bucharest: a case of deep seismicity in Vrancea zone     

Vladimir Sokolov  Klaus-Peter Bonjer  Friedemann Wenzel 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(12):929-947

The paper presents recent achievements in evaluations of site-dependent seismic hazard in Romania and the capital city of Bucharest caused by the Vrancea focal zone (SE-Carpathians). The zone is characterized by a high rate of occurrence of large earthquakes in a narrow focal volume at depths 60–170 km. The database that was used for the hazard evaluation includes parameters of seismicity, ground-motion source scaling and attenuation models (Fourier amplitude spectra), and site-dependent spectral amplification functions. Ground-motion characteristics were evaluated on the basis of several hundred records from more than 120 small magnitude (M 3.5–5) earthquakes occurred in 1996–2001 and a few tens of acceleration records obtained during four large (M 7.4, 7.2, 6.9 and 6.3) earthquakes. The data provide a basis for probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in terms of peak ground acceleration, peak spectral acceleration and MSK intensity using Fourier amplitude spectra for various exceedance probabilities or average return periods. It has been shown that the influence of geological factors plays very important role in distribution of earthquake ground-motion parameters along the territory of Romania.  相似文献   

An attempt to compare the differential rotation of the Ca+-network with that of the photospheric plasma     

E. H. Schröter  H. Wöhl  D. Soltau  M. Vázquez 《Solar physics》1978,60(1):181-201

In this third paper of a series we report on results obtained from almost simultaneous observations of the differential rotation of the Ca⁺-chromosphere and the photospheric plasma. The observations (tracings of Ca⁺-mottles, Doppler-shift-measurements in a photospheric line) were performed at the Locarno station during two extended periods in 1976. Both data sets were used to search for a large scale circulation pattern. A regular long-lived pattern could not be detected, but a single cell with radial outflow (40 ms^-1) extending over more than 50° in longitude has been found. Statistically significant temporal changes of the differential rotation law of the Ca⁺-chromosphere correlated with changes of meridional motions and differences in the rotation of the two hemispheres were observed. The data of 1976 show no significant difference in the equatorial velocity of the Ca⁺-chromosphere and the photosphere. A comparison of temporal variations of the rotation velocity of the Ca⁺-mottles and the photospheric plasma yielded no significant correlation. Finally, we correlated the measurements of the photospheric rotation performed within the equatorial belts at Locarno with those obtained at Mt. Wilson by a different method during the same periods. The Locarno data show small temporal variations (±50 m^-1s) with no correlation between the two hemispheres, while from the Mt. Wilson data larger variations (±100 m s^-1) with a very high correlation between the two hemispheres have been found. A comparison of both sets of data yielded no correlation at all demonstrating the need for further coordinated observations and a drastic increase of internal accuracy.Mitteilung des Fraunhofer-Instituts Nr. 162.  相似文献