排序方式： 共有25条查询结果，搜索用时 203 毫秒
11.
The present paper deals with the extension of a cap model in order to describe the material behavior of partially saturated soils, in particular, of partially saturated sands and silts. The soil model is formulated in terms of two stress state variables, using net stress and matric suction and, alternatively, the average soil skeleton stress and suction, the latter playing the role of a stress‐like plastic internal variable. The yield surface, consisting of a shear failure surface and a hardening cap surface, the plastic potentials for the non‐associated flow rule and the hardening law for the cap are extended by taking into account the effects of matric suction on the material behavior. Furthermore, the third invariant of the deviatoric stress tensor is taken into account in the formulation of the yield surfaces. The developed model is validated by the numerical simulation of an extensive series of suction controlled tests for a silty sand, which were conducted at different constant values of suction. Although both versions of the soil model yield identical results for stress paths at constant values of matric suction, differences are encountered for stress paths involving wetting. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
13.
D. Javorsek II M. C. Brewer J. B. Buncher E. Fischbach J. T. Gruenwald J. Heim A. W. Hoft T. J. Horan J. L. Kerford M. Kohler J. J. Lau A. Longman J. J. Mattes T. Mohsinally J. R. Newport M. A. Petrelli C. A. Stewart J. H. Jenkins R. H. Lee B. Morreale D. B. Morris R. Mudry D. O’Keefe B. Terry M. A. Silver P. A. Sturrock 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2012,338(1):9-13
A new prediction technique based on logarithmic values is proposed to predict the maximum amplitude (R
m) of a solar cycle from the preceding minimum aa geomagnetic index (aa
min). The correlation between lnR
m and lnaa
min (r=0.92) is slightly stronger than that between R
m and aa
min (r=0.90). From this method, cycle 24 is predicted to have a peak size of R
m(24)=81.7(1±13.2%). If the suggested error in aa (3 nT) before 1957 is corrected, the correlation coefficient between R
m and aa
min (r=0.94) will be slightly higher, and the peak of cycle 24 is predicted much lower, R
m(24)=52.5±13.1. Therefore, the prediction of R
m based on the relationship between R
m and aa
min depends greatly on the accurate measurement of aa. 相似文献
14.
15.
Summary. A new method is presented for the direct inversion of seismic refraction data in dipping planar structure. Three recording geometries, each consisting of two common-shot profiles, are considered: reversed, split, and roll-along profiles. Inversion is achieved via slant stacking the common-shot wavefield to obtain a delay time–slowness (tau– p ) wavefield. The tau– p curves from two shotpoints describing the critical raypath of refracted and post-critically reflected arrivals are automatically picked using coherency measurements and the two curves are jointly used to calculate velocity and dip of isovelocity lines iteratively, thereby obtaining the final two-dimensional velocity model.
This procedure has been successfully applied to synthetic seismograms calculated for a dipping structure and to field data from central California. The results indicate that direct inversion of closely-spaced refraction/wide-aperture reflection data can practically be achieved in laterally inhomogeneous structures. 相似文献
This procedure has been successfully applied to synthetic seismograms calculated for a dipping structure and to field data from central California. The results indicate that direct inversion of closely-spaced refraction/wide-aperture reflection data can practically be achieved in laterally inhomogeneous structures. 相似文献
16.
17.
Jacquez Geoffrey M. Essex Aleksander Curtis Andrew Kohler Betsy Sherman Recinda El Emam Khaled Shi Chen Kaufmann Andy Beale Linda Cusick Thomas Goldberg Daniel Goovaerts Pierre 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2017,19(3):197-220
Journal of Geographical Systems - As the volume, accuracy and precision of digital geographic information have increased, concerns regarding individual privacy and confidentiality have come to the... 相似文献
18.
N. Kalthoff F. Fiedler M. Kohler O. Kolle H. Mayer A. Wenzel 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1999,62(1-2):65-84
Summary During 1992 and 1995 in the Upper Rhine valley between Karlsruhe in the north and Basel in the south 36 energy balance stations
were installed to analyze the spatial and temporal behavior of the components of the energy balance. A second aim of the project
‘Regio-Klima-Projekt’ (REKLIP) was to study the dependence of climatic variables on the energy balance. Three main influences
on spatial variation in energy balance components were detected: orography, precipitation and land use. Concerning the dependence
of the climatic variables on the energy balance it can be stated that the mean diurnal amplitude of temperature shows a good
correlation with the mean diurnal sensible heat flux, while the diurnal amplitude of the specific humidity correlates with
the mean diurnal latent heat flux. Both these results are in good agreement with theoretical considerations. Consequently,
areas with enhanced sensible heat flux values show higher monthly mean temperature maxima and also a greater numbers of summer
days, while areas with higher latent heat flux values indicate enhanced monthly mean humidity maxima.
Received February 26, 1998 Revised June 5, 1998 相似文献
19.
Glaciers in Svalbard: mass balance, runoff and freshwater flux 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
Gain or loss of the freshwater stored in Svalbard glaciers has both global implications for sea level and, on a more local scale, impacts upon the hydrology of rivers and the freshwater flux to fjords. This paper gives an overview of the potential runoff from the Svalbard glaciers. The freshwater flux from basins of different scales is quantified. In small basins (A < 10 km2 ), the extra runoff due to the negative mass balance of the glaciers is related to the proportion of glacier cover and can at present yield more than 20% higher runoff than if the glaciers were in equilibrium with the present climate. This does not apply generally to the ice masses of Svalbard, which are mostly much closer to being in balance. The total surface runoff from Svalbard glaciers due to melting of snow and ice is roughly 25 ± 5 km3 a−1 , which corresponds to a specific runoff of 680 ± 140 mm a−1 , only slightly more than the annual snow accumulation. Calving of icebergs from Svalbard glaciers currently contributes significantly to the freshwater flux and is estimated to be 4 ± 1 km3 a−1 or about 110 mm a−1 . 相似文献
20.
Raleigh R. Hood Kevin E. Kohler Julian P. McCreary Sharon L. Smith 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2003,50(22-26):2917
In this paper, we use a coupled biological/physical model to synthesize and understand observations taken during the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study (ASPS). Its physical component is a variable-density,
-layer model; its biological component consists of a set of advective–diffusive equations in each layer that determine nitrogen concentrations in four compartments, namely, nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus. Solutions are compared to time series and cruise sections from the ASPS data set, including observations of mixed-layer thickness, chlorophyll concentrations, inorganic nitrogen concentrations, particulate nitrogen export flux, zooplankton biomass, and primary production. Through these comparisons, we adjust model parameters to obtain a “best-fit” main-run solution, identify key biological and physical processes, and assess model strengths and weaknesses.Substantial improvements in the model/data comparison are obtained by: (1) adjusting the turbulence-production coefficients in the mixed-layer model to thin the mixed layer; (2) increasing the detrital sinking and remineralization rates to improve the timing and amplitude of the model's export flux; and (3) introducing a parameterization of particle aggregation to lower phytoplankton concentrations in coastal upwelling regions.With these adjustments, the model captures many key aspects of the observed physical and biogeochemical variability in offshore waters, including the near-surface DIN and phytoplankton P concentrations, mesozooplankton biomass, and primary production. Nevertheless, there are still significant model/data discrepancies of P for most of the cruises. Most of them can be attributed to forcing or process errors in the physical model: inaccurate mixed-layer thicknesses, lack of mesoscale eddies and filaments, and differences in the timing and spatial extent of coastal upwelling. Relatively few are clearly related to the simplicity of the biological model, the model's overestimation of coastal P being the most obvious example. Overall, we conclude that future efforts to improve biogeochemical models of the Arabian Sea should focus on improving their physical component, ensuring that it represents the ocean's physical state as closely as possible. We believe that this conclusion applies to coupled biogeochemical modeling efforts in other regions as well. 相似文献