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71.
River response to lateral ground tilting: a synthesis and some implications for the modelling of alluvial architecture in extensional basins 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper reviews and synthesizes several Holocene field examples of river response to lateral ground tilting. Key aspects of alluvial architecture modelling in extensional basins are addressed, including the nature of gradual lateral migration, the spatial and temporal history of avulsive sequences, and the underlying controls that determine whether a river responds to lateral tilting through gradual migration or avulsion. A new conceptual model for gradual lateral migration is proposed that unifies previously disparate models. Tilt-induced avulsion in several field examples is associated with sequences that move towards and away from the locus of subsidence during active and quiescent tectonic periods, respectively. These avulsion sequences closely correspond to those produced by several 2D and 3D alluvial architecture models. The rate of lateral tilt appears to control the style of channel movement, with gradual migration occurring at low tilt rates, and avulsion at higher rates. This apparent dependence on tilt rate suggests the mode of channel movement, and also the avulsion frequency, may in part be a function of the imposed tectonic regime. 相似文献
72.
Differential carrier phase observations from GPS (Global Positioning System) integrated with high-rate sensor measurements,
such as those from an inertial navigation system (INS) or an inertial measurement unit (IMU), in a tightly coupled approach
can guarantee continuous and precise geo-location information by bridging short outages in GPS and providing a solution even
when less than four satellites are visible. However, to be efficient, the integration requires precise knowledge of the lever
arm, i.e. the position vector of the GPS antenna relative to the IMU. A previously determined lever arm by direct measurement
is not always available in real applications; therefore, an efficient automatic estimation method can be very useful. We propose
a new hybrid derivative-free extended Kalman filter for the estimation of the unknown lever arm in tightly coupled GPS/INS
integration. The new approach takes advantage of both the linear time propagation of the Kalman filter and the nonlinear measurement
propagation of the derivative-free extended Kalman filter. Compared to the unscented Kalman filter, which in recent years
is typically used as a superior alternative to the extended Kalman filter for nonlinear estimation, the virtue of the new
Kalman filter is equal estimation accuracy at a significantly reduced computational burden. The performance of the new lever
arm estimation method is assessed with simulated and real data. Simulations show that the proposed technique can estimate
the unknown lever arm correctly provided that maneuvers with attitude changes are performed during initialization. Field test
results confirm the effectiveness of the new method. 相似文献
73.
Overview of the Italian strong motion database ITACA 1.0 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Francesca Pacor Roberto Paolucci Lucia Luzi Fabio Sabetta Andrea Spinelli Antonella Gorini Mario Nicoletti Sandro Marcucci Luisa Filippi Mauro Dolce 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2011,9(6):1723-1739
The Italian Strong Motion Database, ITACA, was developed within projects S6 and S4, funded in the framework of the agreements
between the Italian Department of Civil Protection (Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, DPC) and the Istituto Nazionale
di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), starting from 2005. The alpha version of the database was released in 2007 and subsequently
upgraded to version 1.0 after: (i) including the most recent strong motion data (from 2005 to 2007) recorded in Italy, in
addition to the 2008 Parma earthquake, M 5.4, and the M ≥ 4.0, 2009 Abruzzo seismic events; (ii) processing the raw strong
motion data using an updated procedure; (iii) increasing the number of stations with a measured shear wave velocity profile;
(iv) improving the utilities to retrieve time series and ground motion parameters; (v) implementing a tool for selecting time
series in agreement with design-response spectra; (vi) compiling detailed station reports containing miscellaneous information
such as photo, maps and site parameters; (vii) developing procedures for the automatic generation of station reports and for
the updating of the header files. After such improvements, ITACA 1.0 was published at the web site , in 2010. It presently contains 3,955 three-component waveforms, comprising the most complete catalogue of the Italian accelerometric
records in the period 1972–2007 (3,562 records) and the strongest events in the period 2008–2009. Records were mainly acquired
by DPC through its Accelerometric National Network (RAN) and, in few cases, by local networks and temporary stations or networks.
This paper introduces the published version of the Italian Strong Motion database (ITACA version 1.0) together with main improvements
and new functionalities. 相似文献
74.
Pierre ROCHETTE Leonardo SAGNOTTI Michle BOUROT‐DENISE Guy CONSOLMAGNO Luigi FOLCO Jrme GATTACCECA Maria Luisa OSETE Lauri PESONEN 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2003,38(2):251-268
Abstract— We present a database of magnetic susceptibility measurements on 971 ordinary chondrites. It demonstrates that this parameter can be successfully used to characterize and classify ordinary chondrite meteorites. In ordinary chondrites, this rapid and non‐destructive measurement essentially determines the amount of metal in the sample, which occurs in a very narrow range for each chondrite class (though terrestrial weathering can result in a variable decrease in susceptibility, especially in finds). This technique is particularly useful not only for a rapid classification of new meteorites, but also as a check against curation errors in large collections (i.e., unweathered meteorites, the measured susceptibility of which lies outside the expected range, may well be misclassified or misidentified samples). Magnetic remanence, related to magnetic field measurements around asteroids, is also discussed. 相似文献
75.
J. R. Ashworth 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1988,15(3):246-251
Available kinetic data on the transformation of tridymite to cristobalite imply that several different mechanisms can operate. Optical microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), are here used to establish the mechanisms in specimens of industrial refractory brick heated experimentally at 1545° C. Two mechanisms are distinguished, in both of which cristobalite grows directly, in the solid state, from well-ordered tridymite. Cristobalite with lamellar morphology develops topotactically, with strict crystallographic orientation derived from tridymite. In competition with this mechanism, a massive transformation produces cristobalite with no crystallographic relation to the tridymite. Massive cristobalite nucleates at grain boundaries whereas lamellar cristobalite nucleates within tridymite grains. Together with a third mechanism, involving melting as an intermediate step, these processes can account for the different transformation-rate behaviours of different tridymite specimens. 相似文献
76.
77.
Nondestructive spectroscopic and petrochemical investigations of Paleoarchean spherule layers from the ICDP drill core BARB5, Barberton Mountain Land,South Africa
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Jörg Fritz Roald Tagle Luisa Ashworth Ralf Thomas Schmitt Axel Hofmann Béatrice Luais Phillip D. Harris Desirée Hoehnel Seda Özdemir Tanja Mohr‐Westheide Christian Koeberl 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2016,51(12):2441-2458
A Paleoarchean impact spherule‐bearing interval of the 763 m long International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) drill core BARB5 from the lower Mapepe Formation of the Fig Tree Group, Barberton Mountain Land (South Africa) was investigated using nondestructive analytical techniques. The results of visual observation, infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging, and micro‐X‐ray fluorescence (μXRF) of drill cores are presented. Petrographic and sedimentary features, as well as major and trace element compositions of lithologies from the micrometer to kilometer‐scale, assisted in the localization and characterization of eight spherule‐bearing intervals between 512.6 and 510.5 m depth. The spherule layers occur in a strongly deformed section between 517 and 503 m, and the rocks in the core above and below are clearly less disturbed. The μXRF element maps show that spherule layers have similar petrographic and geochemical characteristics but differences in (1) sorting of two types of spherules and (2) occurrence of primary minerals (Ni‐Cr spinel and zircon). We favor a single impact scenario followed by postimpact reworking, and subsequent alteration. The spherule layers are Al2O3‐rich and can be distinguished from the Al2O3‐poor marine sediments by distinct Al‐OH absorption features in the short wave infrared (SWIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared images can cover tens to hundreds of square meters of lithologies and, thus, may be used to search for Al‐OH‐rich spherule layers in Al2O3‐poor sediments, such as Eoarchean metasediments, where the textural characteristics of the spherule layers are obscured by metamorphism. 相似文献
78.
79.
Isabel Egea-González Javier Ruiz Carlos Fernández Jean-Pierre Williams Álvaro Márquez Luisa M. Lara 《Planetary and Space Science》2012,60(1):193-198
Mercurian lobate scarps are interpreted to be the surface expressions of thrust faults formed by planetary cooling and contraction, which deformed the crust down to the brittle–ductile transition (BDT) depth at the time of faulting. In this work we have used a forward modeling procedure in order to analyze the relation between scarp topography and fault geometries and depths associated with a group of prominent lobate scarps (Santa Maria Rupes and two unnamed scarps) located in the Kuiper region of Mercury for which Earth-based radar altimetry is available. Also a backthrust associated with one of the lobate scarps has been included in this study. We have obtained best fits for depths of faulting between 30 and 39 km; the results are consistent with the previous results for other lobate scarps on Mercury.The so-derived fault depths have been used to calculate surface heat flows for the time of faulting, taking into account crustal heat sources and a heterogeneous surface temperature due to the variable insolation pattern. Deduced surface heat flows are between 19 and 39 mW m?2 for the Kuiper region, and between 22 and 43 mW m?2 for Discovery Rupes. Both BDT depths and heat flows are consistent with the predictions of thermal history models for the range of time relevant for scarp formation. 相似文献
80.
Maria Fernanda Alvarez Margarita Luisa Osterrieth Julio Luis del Río 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(2):505-515
Organic matter is a fundamental factor in the biogeochemical cycle of carbon; it influences the chemical, physical, and biological
properties of the soil. The aim of this paper is to determine the organic fractions in the three predominant morphologies
of aggregates found in Typical Argiudolls of the Buenos Aires southeastern area and to link them to different soil uses, as
possible indicators of soil quality. The study was carried out in the basin de Los Padres Pound (General Pueyrredón, Buenos Aires). We analyzed the first 5 cm of mollic epipedons of plots with different soil uses: (a)
cultivated plots, (b) pine and eucalyptus forests, (c) pastures, and (d) a natural plot in the de Los Padres Pound Reserve as a reference. The percentage of soil organic carbon (SOC), light organic carbon (LOC), fulvic acids (FA), humic acids (HA),
and humins (H) in elongated, quadrangular and spherical aggregates were determined. The results show slight variations in
SOC (7.2–8.6%) in the spherical aggregates of all the plots and a greater variability in elongated and quadrangular aggregates
(5.6–10% and 6.9–13.6%, respectively). HA are minimal in the agroecosystems with extreme values of 0.02% in the spherical
aggregates of cultivated plots, and maximal in the elongated and quadrangular aggregates of natural plots (0.3–0.5%). Fulvic
acids display a similar behavior, while H decrease slightly with the morphologies and the different practices. The substantial
decrease of humic substances in cultivated plots translates into a lower biologic activity; this, in turn, influences the
aggregation, thus lowering the structural stability of these plots, which have been under agro-horticultural management for
more than 50 years. 相似文献