Investigating cross-contamination of aquifers     

Paul M. Santi  John E. McCray  Jamie L. Martens 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(1-2):51-68

Shallow aquifers can cross-contaminate deeper aquifers through penetration of an intervening aquitard, via sandy intervals in the aquitard, along well casings, across long well screens, or around aquitard pinchouts. Distinguishing among these potential pathways requires the use of evaluation tools that may support or eliminate certain pathways. These tools include groundwater gradient and aquitard penetration calculations, aquifer pumping test interpretation techniques, chemical concentration plots and statistical methods, hydraulic conductivity-based travel time calculations, pumping-concentration tests, methods for evaluating leaky wells, and methods for evaluating aquitard continuity. Based on analysis of several of these techniques at three sites experiencing aquifer cross-contamination, the authors conclude that calculation of flow rates for various pathways is the single most useful method to confirm or refute specific pathways. Evaluation of leaky wells and aquitard continuity generally must be coupled with other tools to adequately test specific pathways. While fingerprinting, statistical analysis or ratio analysis of contaminants from various sources and receptors was not completed for any of the evaluated sites, the authors believe that these techniques have strong potential for confirming or eliminating pathways. Future research in this area is suggested. Furthermore, the interpretation of pumping-concentration tests is not well developed and needs further assessment.

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Resumen Acuíferos someros pueden ocasionar contaminación transversal de acuíferos profundos mediante la penetración de un acuitardo intermedio, a través de intervalos arenosos en el acuitardo, a lo largo del revestimiento de pozos, o en las inmediaciones de lentes de acuitardos. Para distinguir entre estas trayectorias potenciales se requiere el uso de herramientas de evaluación que pueden apoyar o eliminar ciertas trayectorias. Estas herramientas incluyen cálculos de gradientes de agua subterránea y penetración de acuitardos, técnicas de interpretación de pruebas de bombeo de acuíferos, diagramas de concentración química y métodos estadísticos, estimaciones de conductividad hidráulica en base al tiempo de viaje, pruebas de concentración de bombeo, métodos para evaluar pozos con fugas, y métodos para evaluar la continuidad de acuitardos. Basándose en el análisis de varias de estas técnicas en tres sitios que experimentan contaminación transversal de acuíferos, los autores concluyen que la estimación de ritmos de flujo para varias trayectorias es el único método más útil para confirmar o rechazar trayectorias de flujo específicas. La evaluación de pozos con fugas y continuidad de acuitardos generalmente debe estar acompañada con otras herramientas para probar adecuadamente trayectorias específicas. Aunque no se completó para ninguno de los sitios evaluados técnicas de huellas, análisis estadístico o análisis de relaciones de contaminantes de varias fuentes y receptores, los autores creen que estas técnicas tienen fuerte potencial en la confirmación o eliminación de trayectorias. Se sugiere investigación futura en esta área. Además, la interpretación de pruebas de concentración de bombeo no se ha desarrollado bien y necesita evaluación posterior.

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Résumé Les aquifères de surface peuvent contaminer les aquifères plus profonds à travers un aquitard, un intersection sableuse dans laquitard, le long des forages et de leur crépines, ou de la terminaison biseautée des aquitards. Distinguer et sélectionner ces différents modes de contamination nécessite lutilisation doutils dévaluation. Ces outils incluent le gradient découlement des eaux souterraines et le calcul de pénétration des aquitards, les techniques dinterprétation des essais de pompage, les méthodes dinterprétation chimiques et de traitement statistique, les calculs des temps de transferts sur base de la conductivité, les tests de pompage couplé aux analyses de concentration, les méthodes pour évaluer linfiltration directe alimentant les forages, et les méthodes permettant dévaluer la continuité des aquitards. Basé sur lanalyse de plusieurs de ces techniques sur trois sites expérimentales présentant des contaminations transversale, les auteurs concluent que le calcul des rapports découlement est la méthode la plus simple pour confirmer ou refuser les voies spécifiques. Alors que le traçage, les analyses statistiques et les analyses de la contamination provenant de différentes sources et récepteurs nétait pas complètes pour la plus part des différents sites évalués nétaient pas compléments certains, les auteurs croient que ces techniques ont un potentiel fort pour confirmer ou éliminer ces techniques. Des recherches futures dans cette zone est suggérée. Par ailleurs, linterprétation des tests de pompage couplés à lanalyse des concentrations nest pas développée et nécessite de meilleurs estimations.

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The Virtual Solar Observatory—A Resource for International Heliophysics Research     

Frank Hill  Piet Martens  Keji Yoshimura  Joseph Gurman  Joseph Hourclé  George Dimitoglou  Igor Suárez-Solá  Steve Wampler  Kevin Reardon  Alisdair Davey  Richard S. Bogart  Karen Q. Tian 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2009,104(1-4):315-330

The Virtual Solar Observatory (VSO) has been developed to allow researchers, educators, and the general public to access data and images from the major sources of on-line solar data. The VSO substantially reduces the effort required to locate disparate data sets, and removes the need for the user to locate the data and learn multiple interfaces. The VSO provides a single interface to about 60 geographically distributed data sets including space- and ground-based sources. These data sets incorporate several physical variables including magnetic field, intensity, Doppler velocity, etc., and all wavelengths from X-ray to radio. All layers of the sun, from the interior to the corona, are included. In this paper we describe the system and present the interface that the user will encounter. We also discuss future enhancements planned for the system.  相似文献   

Volatile fatty acid cycling in organic-rich marine sediments     

Francis J. Sansone  Christopher S. Martens 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1982,46(9):1575-1589

Volatile fatty acid (VFA) apparent turnover rates were determined by measuring whole sediment VFA concentrations and the corresponding reaction rate constants. The following ranges of VFA concentrations were measured in Cape Lookout Bight, N.C. sediments (μmole·l_s^?1): acetate 54–660, propionate 1–24, butyrate <0.5–22, iso-butyrate <0.5–6. Apparent turnover rates measured over a one-year period ranged from 18–600 μmole·l_s^?1·h^?1 for acetate and 0.7–7 μmole·l_s^?1·h^?1 for the carboxyl carbon of propionate. Methane production was observed only with acetate and only in sulfatedepleted sediments; total acetate turnover attained approximately the same maximum value in both sulfate-reducing and sulfate-depleted sediments.Apparent turnover rates for acetate and propionate appeared to be controlled by similar factors: in sulfate-reducing (surface) sediments the turnover rates were stimulated by autumn storm-mediated deposition/resuspension events; in deeper sulfate-depleted sediments the turnover rates followed changes in the ambient temperature. Changes in VFA poolsizes were proportionally much larger than changes in corresponding rate constants. The ratio of CO₂ to CH₄ produced from acetate vs. depth suggested that non-methanogenic bacteria accounted for 60% of the acetate turnover in sulfate-depleted sediments.VFA concentrations were much lower in N.C. continental slope mud than in Cape Lookout sediments; acetate was the only VFA detectable throughout the top 40 cm of the slope sediments. The estimated production rate of CO₂ from acetate decreased rapidly with depth. The surface rate was approximately 20 times less than that measured at similar temperatures in sulfate-reducing Cape Lookout sediments.  相似文献   

Biogeochemical processes controlling methane in gassy coastal sediments—Part 2: groundwater flow control of acoustic turbidity in Eckernförde Bay Sediments     

Daniel B. Albert  Christopher S. Martens  Marc J. Alperin 《Continental Shelf Research》1998,18(14-15)

To understand the origin of the methane distributions in sediments of Eckernförde Bay, three sites were sampled in May 1994 for determination of methane, sulfate and chloride concentrations in the sediment porewaters. In much of the Bay, bubbles of biogenic methane gas within the sediments lead to widespread ‘acoustic turbidity’ seen in acoustic surveys, masking the sedimentary structure below the gassy horizon. Acoustic windows, where the gas does not appear to be present, occur in several locations in the Bay, often surrounded by acoustically turbid sediments. Pockmarks, shallow depressions in the sediment, are also found in Bay sediments and may show acoustic turbidity at even shallower depths below the interface than surrounding sediments. One site of each type was sampled in this study. The site probably representative of much of the bay below 20 m water depth, revealed methane saturated conditions by about 75 cm depth below the interface, confirming inferences from acoustic scattering data that free gas was present in the sediment. Above this, the methane concentration profile was concave-upward, indicative of methane oxidation in the overlying, sulfate-reducing sediments. These porewaters showed a slightly decreasing chlorinity with depth. At an acoustic window site, methane concentrations rose to a maximum at about 125 cm depth, but did not reach saturation. Below this depth they decreased in a concave-down pattern. Chloride concentrations decreased markedly with depth, indicative of vertical freshwater flow from below. The third site was a pockmark exhibiting very shallow acoustic turbidity at about 25 cm depth. Here methane concentrations rose to exceed saturation within 25 cm depth below the interface and the porewaters became almost fresh by 1.5 m depth, indicative of a stronger flow of freshwater from below. These groundwater flows have competing effects on the methane inventory. They help exclude sulfate from the sediment, allowing the earlier/shallower onset of methanogenesis, but they also aid loss of methane through advection. A diagenetic model that couples the biogeochemistry of sulfate and methane is used to explain the presence or absence of methane gas in these sediments in relation to the flow rate of fresh groundwater from below. Model results indicate that acoustic windows within otherwise acoustically turbid sediments of the bay are likely due to relatively higher rates of vertical advection of fresh groundwater. The gassy pockmark, however, with an even higher vertical advection rate, seems to require the input of additional reactive organic carbon to explain its vertical methane distribution.  相似文献   

Biogeochemical cycling in an organic-rich coastal marine basin 4. An organic carbon budget for sediments dominated by sulfate reduction and methanogenesis     

Christopher S Martens  J Val Klump 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1984,48(10):1987-2004

In situ carbon flux measurements and calculated burial rates are utilized to construct an organic carbon budget for the upper meter of sediment at a single station in Cape Lookout Bight, a small marine basin located on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, U.S.A. (34°37′N, 76°33′W). Of 149 ± 20 mole · m^?2 · yr^?1 of total organic carbon deposited, 35.6 ± 5.2 mole · m^?2 · yr^?1 is recycled to overlying waters, 84 ± 18% as ∑CO₂ and 16 ± 8% as CH₄. Approximately 68 ± 20% of the upward carbon flux is supported by sulfate reduction while 32 ± 16% takes place as the result of underlying methanogenesis. Measured ∑CO₂ and CH₄ sediment-water fluxes range seasonally from 1900–6300 and 50–2500 μmole · m^?2 · hr^?1 respectively.The mean residence time of metabolizable organic carbon in the upper 80 cm of sediment is approximately four months with greater than 98% of the calculated total remineralization taking place within three years. In spite of large upward fluxes of methane, larger molecules derived from metabolizable sedimentary organic carbon appear to be the dominant reductants for dissolved sulfate.  相似文献   

Announcement     

J. Schrijver  P. C. H. Martens 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1989,155(2):347-348

AnnouncementNinth Seminar on Relativistic Astrophysics and Gravitation Wusterhausen (Potsdam), G.D.R., 23–28 October, 1989  相似文献   

A review of acid sulfate soil impacts, actions and policies that impact on water quality in Great Barrier Reef catchments, including a case study on remediation at East Trinity     

Powell B  Martens M 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,51(1-4):149-164

An estimated 666,000 ha of acid sulfate soils (ASS) occur within the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) catchments of Queensland, Australia. Extensive areas have been drained causing acidification, metal contamination, deoxygenation and iron precipitation in reef receiving waters. The close proximity of ASS to reef waters makes them a substantial threat to water quality. Another important issue linked with ASS is their release of soluble iron, which is known to stimulate nuisance marine algal blooms, in particular Lyngbya majuscula. Known blooms of the cyanobacteria in reef waters have been confirmed at Shoalwater Bay, Corio Bay, the Whitsunday area and Hinchinbrook Channel. Acid sulfate soils are intimately related to coastal wetland landscapes. Where landscapes containing ASS have been disturbed (such as for agriculture, aquaculture, marinas, etc.) the biodiversity of adjacent wetlands can be adversely affected. However, there is no clear knowledge of the real extent of the so-called "hotspot" ASS areas that occur within the GBR catchments. Management of ASS in reef catchments has benefited from the implementation of the Queensland Acid Sulfate Soils Management Strategy through policy development, mapping, training programs, an advisory service, research and community participation. However, major gaps remain in mapping the extent and nature of ASS. Areas of significant acidification (i.e. hotspots) need to be identified and policies developed for their remediation. Research has a critical role to play in understanding ASS risk and finding solutions, to prevent the adverse impacts that may be caused by ASS disturbance. A case study is presented of the East Trinity site near Cairns, a failed sugar cane development that episodically discharges large amounts of acid into Trinity Inlet, resulting in periodic fish kills. Details are presented of scientific investigations, and a lime-assisted tidal exchange strategy that are being undertaken to remediate a serious ASS problem.  相似文献   

Editorial: Globalisation, environmental change and health     

P. Martens  A.J. McMichael  J.A. Patz 《Global Change & Human Health》2000,1(1):4-8

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Petrogenesis of metatexite and diatexite migmatites determined using zircon U–Pb age,trace element and Hf isotope data,Higo metamorphic terrane,central Kyushu,Japan     

K. Maki  T‐F. Yui  K. Miyazaki  M. Fukuyama  K‐L. Wang  U. Martens  M. Grove  J. G. Liou 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2014,32(3):301-323

Metatexite and diatexite migmatites are widely distributed within the upper amphibolite and granulite facies zones of the Higo low‐P/high‐T metamorphic terrane. Here, we report data from an outcrop in the highest grade part of the granulite facies zone, in which diatexite occurs as a 3 m thick layer between 2 m thick layers of stromatic‐structured metatexite within pelitic gneiss. The migmatites and gneiss contain the same peak mineral assemblage of biotite + plagioclase + quartz + garnet + K‐feldspar with retrograde chlorite ± muscovite and some accessory minerals of ilmenite ± rutile ± titanite + apatite + zircon + monazite ± pyrite ± zinc sulphide ± calcite. Calculated metamorphic P–T conditions are 800–900 °C and 9–12 kbar. Zircon in the diatexite forms elongate euhedral crystals with oscillatory zoning, but no core–rim structure. Zircon from the gneiss and metatexite forms euhedral–subhedral grains comprising inherited cores overgrown by thin rims. The overgrowth rims in the metatexite have lower Th/U ratios than zircon in the diatexite and yield a ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 116.0 ± 1.6 Ma, which is older than the 110.1 ± 0.6 Ma ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age derived from zircon in the diatexite. Zircon from the diatexite has variable REE contents with convex upward patterns and flat normalized HREE, whereas the overgrowth rims in the metatexite and gneiss have steep HREE‐enriched patterns; however, both types have similar positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies. ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios in the overgrowth rims from the metatexite are more variable and generally lower than values from zircon in the diatexite. Based on U–Pb ages, trace element and Hf isotope data, the zircon rims in the metatexite are interpreted to have crystallized from a locally derived melt, following partial dissolution of inherited protolith zircon during anatexis, whereas the zircon in the diatexite is interpreted to have crystallized from a melt that included an externally derived component. By integrating zircon and petrographic data for the migmatites and pelitic gneiss, the metatexite migmatite is interpreted to have formed by in situ partial melting in which the melt did not migrate from the source, whereas the diatexite migmatite included an externally derived juvenile component. The Cretaceous high‐temperature metamorphism of the Higo metamorphic terrane is interpreted to reflect emplacement of mantle‐derived basalts under a volcanic arc along the eastern margin of the Eurasian continent and advection of heat via hybrid silicic melts from the lower crust. Post‐peak crystallization of anatectic melts in a high‐T region at mid‐crustal depths occurred in the interval c. 116–110 Ma, as indicated by the difference in zircon ages from the metatexite and diatexite migmatites.  相似文献   

Hydrogeology and groundwater flow in a basalt-capped Mesozoic sedimentary series of the Ethiopian highlands     

Ine Vandecasteele  Jan Nyssen  Wim Clymans  Jan Moeyersons  Kristine Martens  Marc Van Camp  Tesfamichael Gebreyohannes  Florimond Desmedt  Jozef Deckers  Kristine Walraevens 《Hydrogeology Journal》2011,19(3):641-650

A hydrogeological study was undertaken in the Zenako-Argaka catchment, near Hagere Selam in Tigray, northern Ethiopia, during the rainy season of 2006. A geological map was produced through geophysical measurements and field observations, and a fracture zone identified in the north west of the catchment. A perched water table was found within the Trap Basalt series above the laterized upper Aram Aradam Sandstones. A map of this water table was compiled. Water-level variation during the measurement period was at least 4.5?m. Variation in basal flow for the whole catchment for the measurement period was between 12 and 276?m³/day. A groundwater flow model was produced using Visual MODFLOW, indicating the general direction of flow to be towards the south, and illustrating that the waterways have only a limited influence on groundwater flow. The soil water budget was calculated for the period 1995?C2006, which showed the important influence of the distribution of rainfall in time. Although Hagere Selam received some 724?mm of rainfall per year over this period, the strong seasonal variation in rainfall meant there was a water deficit for on average 10?months per year.  相似文献