Generation, mobilization and crystallization of impact-induced alkali-rich melts in granitic target rocks: Evidence from the Araguainha impact structure, central Brazil     

R. Machado  C. Lana  G. Stevens  C.R.S. Filho  W.U. Reimold  Iain McDonald 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(23):7183-7201

This paper provides important insights into the generation, extraction and crystallization of clast-laden impact melt rocks from the Araguainha impact structure, central Brazil. Despite the mixed nature of the Araguainha target rocks (comprising a 2 km thick sequence of sedimentary rocks and underlying granitic basement), the exposed melt bodies are characterised by an alkali-rich granitic matrix embedding mineral and rock fragments derived only from the target granite. The melt rocks occur in the form of a massive impact melt sheet overlying the eroded central uplift structure, and as melt veins in the granite of the core of the central uplift. Bulk-rock major and trace element data (including platinum group elements) indicate that the precursor melts were generated locally, principally by partial melting of the target granite, without any contribution from the sedimentary sequence or the projectile. The dense network of melt veins was formed in isolation, by selective melting of plagioclase and alkali feldspar within the granite target. Plagioclase and alkali feldspar melted discretely and congruently, producing domains in the matrix of the melt veins, which closely match the stoichiometry of these minerals. The compositionally discrete initial melt phases migrated through a dense network of microfractures before being assembled into larger melt veins. Freezing of the melt veins was substantially fast, and the melt components were quenched in the form of alkali-feldspar and plagioclase schlieren in the matrix of the melt veins. The overlying impact melt rock is, in contrast, characterised by a granophyric matrix consisting of albite, sanidine, quartz, biotite and chlorite. In this case, melt components appear to have been more mobile and to have mixed completely to form a granitic parental melt. We relate the melting of the minerals to post-shock temperatures that exceeded the melting point of feldspars.  相似文献   

Nonthermal Electron Energy Deposition in the Chromosphere and the Accompanying Soft x-ray Flare Emission     

McDonald  L.  Harra-Murnion  L.K.  Culhane  J.L. 《Solar physics》1999,185(2):323-350

We analyse four solar flares which have energetic hard X-ray emissions, but unusually low soft X-ray flux and GOES class (C1.0–C5.5). These are compared with two other flares that have soft and hard X-ray emission consistent with a generally observed correlation that shows increasing hard X-ray accompanied by increasing soft X-ray flux. We find that in the four small flares only a small percentage of the nonthermal electron beam energy is deposited in a location where the heating rate of the electron beam exceeds the radiative cooling rate of the ambient plasma. Most of the beam energy is subsequently radiated away into the cool chromosphere and so cannot power chromospheric evaporation thus reducing the soft X-ray emission. We also demonstrate that in the four small flares the nonthermal electron beam energy is insufficient to power the soft X-ray emitting plasma. We deduce that an additional energy source is required, and this could be provided by a DC-electric field (where quasi-static electric field channels in the coronal loops accelerate electrons, and those electrons with velocity below a critical velocity will heat the ambient plasma via Joule heating) in preference to a loop-top thermal source (where heat flux deposited in the corona is conducted along magnetic field lines to the chromosphere, heating the coronal plasma and giving rise to further chromospheric evaporation).  相似文献   

Catastrophic flooding edited by L. Mayer and D. Nash,Allen and Unwin,London, 1987. ISBN 0-04-551142-x     

Adrian McDonald 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1990,15(1):99-100

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Interaction between aggrading geomorphic surfaces and the formation of a late pleistocene paleosol in the palouse loess of eastern Washington state     

Eric V. McDonald  Alan J. Busacca 《Geomorphology》1990,3(3-4)

Variable rates of loess deposition contributed to dramatic regional variation in a soil-stratigraphic unit, the Washtucna Soil, in the Palouse loess deposits in the Channeled Scabland of eastern Washington state. Throughout most of the Channeled Scabland, the morphology of the Washtucna Soil is that of a single buried soil, but it bifurcates into two well-developed and pedologically distinct buried soils in areas immediately downwind of the major source of loessial sediment. Regional loess stratigraphy confirms that the two well-developed soils formed during the same interval of time during which only one soil formed in areas that are distal to loess source areas. The variable and perhaps rapid rates of soil formation suggested by the stratigraphy resulted from an interaction between variable rates of loess deposition and the formation of superimposed calcic soils. Petrocalcic horizons with weak Stage IV morphology formed as the zone of carbonate accumulation moved up into former A and cambic horizons that had been profusely burrowed by cicadas. The development of cicada burrows in one phase of soil development that were subsequently engulfed by pedogenic carbonate under a rising land surface seems to have greatly accelerated the development of the petrocalcic horizons. Accelerated rates of formation of the petrocalcic horizons occurred when extrinsic (pulses of loess deposition) and intrinsic (engulfment of burrowed horizons) thresholds were exceeded. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that the soil formation that accompanied the rise in the land surface due to additional loess deposition may have occurred during the late Wisconsin glaciation when giant glacial outburst floods in the channeled Scabland triggered a new cycle of loess deposition.  相似文献   

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheres of Titan and Jupiter     

Sagan C  Khare BN  Thompson WR  McDonald GD  Wing MR  Bada JL  Vo-Dinh T  Arakawa ET 《The Astrophysical journal》1993,414(1):399-405

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important components of the interstellar medium and carbonaceous chondrites, but have never been identified in the reducing atmospheres of the outer solar system. Incompletely characterized complex organic solids (tholins) produced by irradiating simulated Titan atmospheres reproduce well the observed UV/visible/IR optical constants of the Titan stratospheric haze. Titan tholin and a tholin generated in a crude simulation of the atmosphere of Jupiter are examined by two-step laser desorption/multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry. A range of two- to four-ring PAHs, some with one to four alkylation sites are identified, with net abundance approximately 10(-4) g g-1 (grams per gram) of tholins produced. Synchronous fluorescence techniques confirm this detection. Titan tholins have proportionately more one- and two-ring PAHs than do Jupiter tholins, which in turn have more four-ring and larger PAHs. The four-ringed PAH chrysene, prominent in some discussions of interstellar grains, is found in Jupiter tholins. Solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy suggests approximately equal to 25% of the total C in both tholins is tied up in aromatic and/or aliphatic alkenes. IR spectra indicate an upper limit in both tholins of approximately equal to 6% by mass in benzenes, heterocyclics, and PAHs with more than four rings. Condensed PAHs may contribute at most approximately 10% to the observed detached limb haze layers on Titan. As with interstellar PAHs, the synthesis route of planetary PAHs is likely to be via acetylene addition reactions.  相似文献   

COMMUNICATIONS FROM READERS     

James R. McDonald 《The Professional geographer》1969,21(2):112-112

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Modelling and predicting the motion of ocean eddies from local current data     

Andrew J. White  N. Robb McDonald   《Ocean Modelling》2006,13(3-4):292-305

This paper considers the prediction of ocean eddy motion from a time series of current data taken at a single fixed location; a problem of relevance to the offshore oil industry. A simple eddy model forms the basis of an algorithm in which the characteristics of a distant eddy are deduced from a set of measured current velocities taken at a fixed location. The subsequent motion of the eddy is predicted which, in turn, enables eddy-induced currents to be forecast. Comparisons with both synthetically generated and actual current meter data from the Gulf of Mexico demonstrate the worth and accuracy of the model.  相似文献   

First measurement of helium on Mars: implications for the problem of radiogenic gases on the terrestrial planets     

Krasnopolsky VA  Bowyer S  Chakrabarti S  Gladstone GR  McDonald JS 《Icarus》1994,109(2):337-351

108 +/- 11 photons of the martian He 584-angstroms airglow detected by the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer satellite during a 2-day exposure (January 22-23, 1993) correspond to the effective disk average intensity of 43 +/- 10 Rayleigh. Radiative transfer calculations, using a model atmosphere appropriate to the conditions of the observation and having an exospheric temperature of 210 +/- 20 K, result in a He mixing ratio of 1.1 +/- 0.4 ppm in the lower atmosphere. Nonthermal escape of helium is due to electron impact ionization and pickup of He+ by the solar wind, to collisions with hot oxygen atoms, and to charge exchange with molecular species with corresponding column loss rates of 1.4 x 10(5), 3 x 10(4), and 7 x 10(3) cm-2 sec-1, respectively. The lifetime of helium on Mars is 5 x 10(4) years. The He outgassing rate, coupled with the 40Ar atmospheric abundance and with the K:U:Th ratio measured in the surface rocks, is used as input to a single two-reservoir degassing model which is applied to Mars and then to Venus. A similar model with known abundances of K, U, and Th is applied to Earth. The models for Earth and Mars presume loss of all argon accumulated in the atmospheres during the first billion years by large-scale meteorite and planetesimal impacts. The models show that the degassing coefficients for all three planets may be approximated by function delta = delta (0)(t(0)/t)1/2 with delta (0) = 0/1, 0.04, and 0.0125 Byr-1 for Earth, Venus, and Mars, respectively. After a R2 correction this means that outgassing processes on Venus and Mars are weaker than on Earth by factors of 3 and 30, respectively. Mass ratios of U and Th are almost the same for all three planets, while potassium is depleted by a factor of 2 in Venus and Mars. Mass ratios of helium and argon are close to 5 x 10(-9) and 2 x 10(-8) g/g in the interiors of all three planets. The implications of these results are discussed.  相似文献   

Metamorphism and its effects on sulphide assemblages     

J. A. McDonald 《Mineralium Deposita》1967,2(3):200-220

Metamorphism in a restricted system i. e. one from which material may be removed but not added during the metamorphic process, may have profound effects on sulphide mineral assemblages. Complex physical relations of the regional metamorphic environment, in particular, diffusion, deformation, and the timing of thermal peaks relative to periods of maximum stress, provide the means for altering original sulphide relations. Within this metamorphic environment, sulphides may undergo 1) textural and mineralogical changes, 2) generation of new or additional phases, 3) redistribution of major and minor components, and 4) mineral and chemical zoning, on a small or large scale. Although effects of metamorphism have been recognized in some deposits, changes may be more wide-spread than is commonly realized. Other features of ore deposits considered to reflect hydrothermal processes may be generated by metamorphism. Although assemblages within sedimentary-volcanic environments are emphasized, the processes apply to any sulphide accumulation subjected to metamorphism.

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Zusammenfassung Metamorphosen in einem begrenzten System, d.h. einem System in welchem Material durch den metamorphen Prozeß zwar entfernt aber nicht hinzugefügt werden kann, können einen starken Einfluß auf Sulfidparagenesen haben. Komplizierte physikalische Beziehungen zwischen den örtlichen Metamorphose-Bedingungen, besonders Diffusion, Verformung, und dem zeitlichen Zusammenhang von Temperaturspitzen und Perioden maximaler Spannung, führen zu Veränderungen der ursprünglichen Sulfid-Verhältnisse. Die Sulfide können 1) strukturelle und mineralogische Veränderungen erfahren, 2) es kann zur Bildung neuer oder zusätzlicher Phasen kommen, 3) es kann eine Veränderung in der Verteilung der Hauptbestandteile und Nebenbestandteile eintreten, und 4) es kann zur Bildung von mineralogischen und chemischen Zonen, in kleinerem oder größerem Maße kommen. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß derartige Veränderungen in einem größeren Maßstab stattgefunden haben, als meist angenommen wird. Andere Eigenschaften von Erzlagern, die im allgem. als das Resultat hydrothermaler Prozesse angesehen werden, sind möglicherweise gleichfalls Folgen einer Metamorphose. Obwohl vor allem auf Paragenesen in vulkanischem Sediment-Milieu hingewiesen wird, beziehen sich diese Prozesse auf alle Sulfidansammlungen, die einer Metamorphose unterliegen.

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Failure to protect beaches under slowly rising sea level     

Alisha Summers  Charles H. Fletcher  Daniele Spirandelli  Kristian McDonald  Jin-Si Over  Tiffany Anderson  Matthew Barbee  Bradley M. Romine 《Climatic change》2018,147(3-4):427-439

The increase in population and the improvement of life standards are stretching the boundaries between water-energy-land management, and demanding innovative and holistic solutions. This article proposes an approach for increasing the water availability of two or more water basins taking into consideration land use and wind patterns, and was named Land, Water, and Wind Watershed Cycle (L3WC). This approach can be applied to one watershed or a combination of watersheds. In the first case, if wind patterns blow mainly in the opposite direction of the main river flow, plantations with high water demand should be focused on the lowest part of the basin. The transpired moisture would then return to the basin with the wind and possibly increase the water availability of the basin. Applying this method to a series of basins, water is transposed from one basin to another, used for irrigated agriculture, returned to the atmosphere with evapotranspiration and pushed back to the basin where the water was extracted by the wind. Case studies of this methodology are presented in the São Francisco basin and between the Tocantins, Amazonas, and Paraná basins and the São Francisco basin in Brazil. The São Francisco basin was selected because it is located in a dry region, its flow has considerably reduced in the past decade and because the trade winds blow constantly from the ocean into the continent all year around. L3WC is a strategy to plan the allocation of water consumption in a watershed, taking into account wind patterns to support the sustainable development of a region. It has the potential of increasing water availability and creating a climate change adaptation mechanism to control the climate and reduce vulnerability to climatic variations.  相似文献